Should We Use Animals For Medical Research Over The Recent...

World is ruthless, there are countless animals disappearing around us every day which means they can’t enjoy the sunshine tomorrow. These animals are unlucky that they don’t have control over their own lives. Nowadays, at different corners of the world, various chemicals with hidden danger are being injected into the animals’ body. They are being tested in lots of areas. Mostly being tested for whether a new drug is effective or not. We human call this phenomenon as medical research with animals and it is expressed as a medical research involving animals like mice, pigs, frogs, rabbits and so on. According to the website, there are over 100 million animals are killed in US laboratory for different reasons. This number is very big but it only applies to US, we can’t say how many animals around the world that also cannot escape the same horrible fate. Based on that, it then becomes obvious that people have been debating about whether we should continue usi ng animals in medical research over the recent centuries. Some people who support medical research on animals argue that we couldn’t have made so much progress in different aspects of life if we didn’t have animals in laboratory; while others who are against this approach say that animals should have equals rights as humans. So in my paper, I will present two different positions about this issue and then decide which position I will take and why I do so. The first perspective is that we shouldn’tShow MoreRelated Animal Rights Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Animals have been used in medical research for centuries. In a recent count, it was determined that 8,815 animals were being used for research at MSU, 8,503 of them rodents - rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. There were 18 dogs, three cats and a variety of goats, ferrets, pigeons and rabbits. The struggle against this tyranny is a struggle as important as any of the moral and social issues that have been foug ht over in recent years.quot; Animal rights are an emotional issue-second only, perhapsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent studies scientist claim that animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protectRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribe an intimate relationship between human and dog that has developed over the centuries. But is this popular phrase true? Are dogs truly a mans best friend? Some argue of course they are— they are friendly, loyal, and in mo st cases considered a part of the family. But there are those who will disagree—people from other parts of the world, and at different times in history. Take scientists from the nineteenth century, for example, where a man’s best friend was used in scientific experimentsRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1522 Words   |  7 Pagesand that is animal testing and research. Since the beginning of medicine, animals were used in the testing of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices to determine the safety of a product due to their similarities in diseases with humans. However this is considered unnecessary due to the creation of alternatives for animal testing. Despite these alternatives the majority of animal testing still has not come to halt. This issue deserves to be attentive to instead of turning a blind eye as we consumers haveRead MoreAnimals Used in Research1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthat I am choosing to examine for my paper is about animals that are used in re search and the rights they they do or do not have. The reason that I chose this particular topic is because that it is a topic that is very significant to me. I am currently going to Delaware technical Community College to become a Veterinary technician. My lifelong dream has always been to help and save animals, Any creature great or small animals used in research, mistreated, neglected and abused is not somethingRead MoreOver The Past 1500 Years Human Kind Has Used Animals For1485 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past 1500 years human kind has used animals for testing and they still use animals for testing today. Most experiments made on animals are for medical and cosmetic purposes. People that are for testing on animals usually argue that we would not be where we are today if we didn’t experiment on animals. Others that are against it say that these experiments and methods weren’t always necessary for everything we have accomplished. Now with all of our modern te chnology, science, and researchRead MoreThe Fight For Animal Rights1660 Words   |  7 Pagesfight for animal rights is one that has been going on for centuries. â€Å"The new emphasis upon animals feelings of sensation in the eighteenth century brought growing criticism of some forms of cruelty. Doubts about the ethics of castrating domestic animals were raised as early as 1714. (Guither, 1998, p.1) According to Guither (1998), London was the first to encourage the prevention of animal cruelty in 1824 where it eventually became the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. TheyRead MoreWhy Animal Testing Is Bad1578 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing, also known as animal research or experimentation refers to the use of non-human animals to conduct experiments which seek to control certain variables that have the potential to impact the biological systems or behaviors under study. The most commonly used animals are usually mice, cats, rats, dogs and primates. More than 20 million animals are usually subjected to food, drugs, chemical and cosmetic testing each year in the United States alone (Sharma et al, p.1). These animals usuallyRead MoreAnimal Testing: Alternatives1085 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough animal testing was a main component for the facilitation of medical research in the past, it is no longer necessary due to the option of alternate testing methods. Animals that fall victim to the mercy of animal research are subject to experimentation for the purpose of manufacturing harmless products (McKnight 2). Cell cultures, the MIMIC system, TraumaMan, in vitro, and human volunteers are substitutes for this inhumane procedure (Sullivan 4; â€Å"PCRM Scientists Educate† 10). Animal testingRead More Against Animal Testing Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing has started long back in the ancient Greek times. Greek physician Galen dissected animals, this became known as vivisection, which he studied. Since then animal testi ng has long grew. Over the many years our people have been either against or with animal testing. Animal testing has been an issue that has been occurring for many years and will continue into our future. Over the years our culture has created organizations for people both sides of this topic trying to convince others

Promote the Application of Person Centred Approaches in...

Surrey Vocational Training Centre PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE RECORD Candidate Name: Unit Titles: Promote the application of person centred approaches in health and social care Evidence ref(s): Unit number(s): 4223-305 Evidence ref(s): Unit number(s): 4223-305 Use this form to record details of activities (tick as appropriate) * observed by your assessor * seen by expert witness * seen by witness ââ€"â„¢ Candidate / reflective account * case study Date of Activity: | Unit No | Learning Outcome | Assessment Criteria | Performance evidence | 4223-305 | 1134567 | 121231231,23,41,2,3 | Understand the application of person centred approaches in health and social care When working with any individual I†¦show more content†¦Before I, examine, treat or care for a patient, their consent must be obtained. I need to ask myself, do they understand the information given to them, so that they can make an informed decision, about the benefit, risks and alternatives if available, or their consent may not be valid. There are a number of policies that are relevant. Informed Consent Policy. (Local Policy)Mental Capacity Act 2005This act provides a framework to protect vulnerable persons w ho may not be able to make decisions for themselves.Presumption of Capacity, Being supported to make their own decisions, making decisions to be seen unwise Does not make them incapable.Done on their behalf; consider less restrictive to their rights.Provisions Advance Decision Making.Individuals can pre plan a decision to refuse treatment should they become incapable in the future. It is a criminal offence to mistreat or neglect a person who lacks capacity.This has been covered whilst being observed.Should I at any time be unable to obtain consent I would raise the issue with my senior nurse. One of the steps that can be used is to have an advocate appointed to support the person who lacks capacity and has no onShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Social Work At The Millennium Summit768 Words   |  4 PagesAPPLICATION TO SOCIAL WORK In September of 2000 at the Millennium Summit world leaders gathered to adopt the UN Millennium Declaration that focused on changing their nations to reduce extreme poverty by the year 2015. The goals they declared are called the Millennium Development Goals. These goals address income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion. They promote gender-equality, education and environmental sustainability (†¦..). Goals 3, 4 and 5 all address in one wayRead MorePwcs 362060 Words   |  9 PagesUNDERSTAND THE APPLICATION OF PERSON-CENTERED APPROACHES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE Task 1: Person centred approaches in adult social care †¢ Person Centred care means to build everything I am doing in the care home around those I am caring for. It involves people taking control and planning of their own support and care. Some key values in person centred care are: o Treating people as individuals o Supporting people to access their rights o Supporting people to exercise choice o Making sure peopleRead MoreUse of Alternative Medicine Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagespractitioners in Australia (Furnham A, Mcgill C 2003). Complementary and Alternative medicine, also known as Traditional medicine covers a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches and therapies. Many therapies are termed holistic, which generally means that the healthcare practitioner considers the whole person, including physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects (Moon G, Gillespie R 1995). These forms of medicine have evolved recently as a reaction to high technologyRead MoreTask Centred and Crisis Intervention Essay for Social Work3865 Words   |  16 PagesAs a result of applying appropriate theory the organisation and structure of social work practice may be enhanced (Howe 1999:104). Social workers use theory to inform practice and provide a sense of direction and guidance in their professional engagement with service users An alternative way of using theories to help in reflection is by using them critically against one another. Differences between theories can help in reflection in practice by enabling alternative and opposing theories to criticizeRead MoreNVQ level 58726 Words   |  35 Pages517, LEAD PERSON CENTRED PRACTICE 1.1, EXPLAIN PERSON-CENTRED PRACTICE. Person centred practice are ways of commissioning, providing and organising services rooted in listening to what people want, to help them live in their communities as they choose. These approaches work to use resource flexibly designed around what is important to an individual from their own perspective and work to remove any cultural and organisational barriers. People are not simply placed in pre-existing services andRead MoreAward in Education and Training Unit H/505/00531354 Words   |  6 Pagesamp; Design: Creating or adapting the session plan and required resources that embrace learning styles (VAK) of the group, your teaching approaches: pedagogy/andragogy, ice breakers, ground rules. * Deliver/Facilitate is about how you will impart the knowledge; group/one-two-one or combination your delivery must consider all learning styles and teaching approaches. * Assessment: relates to how you will measure the retention or understanding of imparted knowledge, but also ground rules, your conduct/behaviourRead MoreManagement and Manager Induction Standards9580 Words   |  39 PagesManager induction standards Standards for managers new in post in adult social care, including those managing their own support workers 2012 ‘Refreshed’ web edition, with guidance and certificate we help employers to manage their workforces Contents Introduction Core standards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Governance and accountability Systems and processes to promote communication Partnership working and relationships Using person-centred practice to achieve positive outcomes Team leadership and managementRead MoreThe Partnership Between A Team Of Health Professionals Essay2243 Words   |  9 PagesSection 1 Interprofessional collaboration is the partnership between a team of health professionals in a collaborative and coordinated approach to achieve shared decision making around health and social issues. Interprofessional collaborative practice is defined as a process which includes communication and decision-making, enabling a synergistic influence of grouped knowledge and skills. The key elements of collaborative practice include responsibility, accountability, coordination, communicationRead MoreEssay about Task Centered Approach in Social Work4831 Words   |  20 Pagesthis assignment is to highlight the main features of one social worker method. Within this essay, I will include social work intervention prior to the introduction of task-centred practice. This will provide an insight in to why task-centred methods were introduced. I will also portray the strengths and weaknesses of task-centred practice. The essay will also depict the underlying theory that underpins task-centred p ractice in relation to social work. I will endeavour to critically analyse the effectivenessRead MoreWorking With Children And Young People1748 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 087: Work with Children and Young People in a Residential Care Setting 1 Understand the legal, policy, rights and theoretical framework for residential care for children and young people 1.1 Explain Current theoretical approaches to residential provision for children and young people: Attachment theory – a model of psychology that tries to how long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between people develop. Separation/Loss theory tries to explain the insecure attachment behaviour

Running Head British Airways †A Marketing Plan Free Essays

British Airways is one airline that has gone through both bright and turbulent times since its founding in 1974.[i]   After thirteen years of government control, British Airways went into privatization in 1987.[ii]   The airline is the surviving entity after merger and consolidations made with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways Corporation (BEA). We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: British Airways – A Marketing Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Currently it operates about 240 aircrafts servicing 120 destinations throughout the United Kingdom and Europe, Africa, North and South America, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific.[iii]. British Airways competes with about 42 other British airlines but has maintained leadership in most areas of the aviation industry not only in the United Kingdom but in Europe as well.[iv] Its main competitor is Virgin Atlantic, an airline established by Richard Branson in 1984 and with about 10 per cent market share in terms of kilometers logged as of 2007.[v] As airlines around the world struggle to survive in the midst of the worldwide financial crisis, British Airways vows to target growth and raise its market share while intently addressing its operational concerns towards excellence and financial health. The surging complexity of the market ahead is expected to put the airline industry on the offensive to obviate possible downturns as what happened to the automobile and the investment banking industries during the last quarter of 2008 leading to the global financial turmoil. Reports had it that requests for government bailouts were made in the face of lower demand from car buyers. The airline industry thus, is among those expected and likely to be affected by the crisis due to the expected economic contraction in the aftermath of the financial meltdown. Importance of the Study The study is an attempt at providing a trajectory, focus as well as strategic road map on how British Airways should repackage itself towards upgrading and raising its potentials in a cutthroat aviation industry not merely in the United Kingdom but in the airline’s other service areas around the globe, Europe especially. For a start, British Airways dutifully crafted the BA Business Plan (BP11) which is aimed at focusing on four key priorities arising out of the previous year’s plans. These are:   (1) Upgraded customer experience with its trademark Basics and Brilliance, Club World, First Cabin and similar programs meant to introduce innovative customer come-ons with its plan to acquire long-haul aircrafts as well as counter the negative impact of the operating glitches during the transitions experience at Heathrow Terminals 1, 4 and 5. Incidentally, this was planned to introduce new forms of premium customer experience through increased presence in the European and American markets; (2) Planning for growth in terms of new long haul aircrafts, premium services and added destinations between Europe and the Americas; (3) Continuing need to control costs in the face of tight competition, rising cost of delivering service, fuel and administrative costs. The entity additionally attempts at undertaking a more efficient assets and liability management to reasonably assure itself the advantage of liquidity and solvency under the current economic environment; and, (4) Taking a lead in corporate social responsibility to articulate a social and corporate balance in the conduct of its operations.[vi] A critical component of BP11 is the marketing plan (MP11) which identifies and concentrates on the opportunities available to British Airways worldwide in congruence with its identified key priorities. The marketing plan clearly outlines a road map towards market recovery via excellence in the basics, and ultimately to the deployment of brilliant premium services not available anywhere or in other airlines competing in identical routes. Specifically, the Marketing Plan MP11 cross links with the Business Plan (BP11) with the former as the centrepiece of the airline’s assertive leadership thrusts towards the first half of the 21st century. Just like the Victoria era slogan that the â€Å"sun does not set on the British empire†, British Airways is determined to head for industry prominence after several turbulent encounters with difficult challenges that it had to go through. Apparently brought about by its own weight, its bigness is without the support mechanism it needed to stabilize its moves.   A component of the BP11, the MP11 describes in more detailed fashion how the BP11 will breathe through the heart of the MP11 which is considered the heart of the Business Plan. On the aspect of significance on research, the MP11 serves as the management blue print for strategic decision-making; especially in the area of marketing management under various assumptions, scenarios, alliances and configurations. Strategic marketing management which is contained in this road map MP 11 will enable management to adopt strategies such as cost leadership, attractive premium services, human resource strategies and expanded terminal network in the industry as means to create a demand gap in the long haul travel sector as well as a similar gap in the premium business travel from continental Europe to the premier city of New York in the United States. The experiences of the past years are expected to provide hard lessons for British Airways management towards strategic marketing processes. For the business traveller all over, the MP11 attempts to redefine the concept of basic and premium travel. With the integration of cost advantage expected to ensue along the airline’s objective of operational excellence, airline travellers can reasonably expect these cost rationalization measures to have a positive effect on the pricing competitiveness of British Airways while maintaining the class with which British Airways has been known for. The airline industry, for one, is likewise expected to significantly benefit from this study specifically in the area of collaboration, alliances and economic cooperation without any attempt at abusing the regulatory privilege this union may provide such alliances. Hence, partnerships should be undertaken for the development and maintenance of constructive relationship with other companies in the industry as at work.[vii] In the same way that this will be tempered and enhanced by a strong corporate social responsibility not only in terms of the environmental aspect, it is expected similarly to be strong along the social issues directly and indirectly affected by the industry. The society, in general, and the employees in particular will reap benefits from this study in terms and along the key balanced scorecard perspectives over secure employment tenure, human resource training and performance recognition dimensions incorporated into the business and marketing plans; all considered critical components and means to stabilize the goal of operational excellence with a genuine corporate social responsibility. Primarily, the shareholders are the targets of this study as among the major beneficiaries through which an innovative and unprecedented pricing incorporates real shareholder value and corporate pride enhanced with financial viability through operational excellence.   British Airways aims to show gratitude for continued support and recognition as Britain’s primary carrier. The academe is similarly expected to acquiesce the benefits from this Plan which comes as a result of intensive research and careful study on the travel and industry markets in which British Airways is among the major players. Of equal importance is the fact that British Airways is a corporate organization that is considered an excellent source of academic studies in an industry characterized with great risks, complexities as well as opportunities with huge potentials for learning, and even further researches. [i]   Annual Report, 2007, British Airways, http://www.britishairways.com, accessed December 28, 2008 [ii]   Ibid. http://www.britishairways.com,   [iii]   Ibid, http://www.britishairways.com,   [iv]   Ibid., http://www.britishairways.com,   [v]   Ibid., http://www.britishairways.com,   [vi]   Ibid,   http://www.britishairways.com,p. 34   [vii]   J. Hicks, The Challenge of the New Millenium: winning the Struggle with Ourselves, New Falcon Publications, Arizona, 1997, p. 131.    How to cite Running Head: British Airways – A Marketing Plan, Essays

Medications Excerting Aspect of Drug

Question: Describe about the Medications for Excerting Aspect of Drug. Answer: Definition Pharmacokinetics- It is referred to as the study of the time- course of absorbing, distributing, metabolizing and excreting aspect of a drug (ASHP- chapter 1). The clinical pharmacokinetics involves applying the principles of pharmacokinetics to administer the drugs safely and effectively for a patient. Pharmacodynamics- Itinvolves the study of thebio-chemicalandphysiologicaleffect ofa drug. It refers to the interrelationship between the concentration of drug at the required site of action and the outcome effect that includes the time- course, intensity (therapeutic and adverse effects) of a drug (ASHP- chapter 1, American Psychiatric Publishing, Chapter 8). Generally pharmacokinetics is what human body does to a drug whereas pharmaco dynamics involves what a drug does to human body (Association of prescribers, 2016). Pharmacotherapeutics- It involves the study of the beneficial (therapeutic) and desired effects of drugs (Nursing pharmacology chronicle, 2011). Toxicology- It is the study of the side (adverse) effects of a drug in a human body due to the chemicals. It includes observing the adverse effects and reporting the effects, identifying the mechanisms, detecting and treating the toxic substances (Smith, 2016). Case study- 2 A is on Digoxin with dosage of 250mcg/day which means that she is in high-dose digoxin therapy. Digoxin is taken as safe to use in the old age people as long as the dose is no greater than 0.125 milligram or 125 mcg per day (Wiley, 2015). She is 71 year old woman with 250mcg/day of dosage ahs increased her adverse effects. The kidney functions of elderly people slows down as their age increase which may lead to decreased excretion of certain drugs as digoxin leading to stagnation of drugs (Wiley, 2015). This has resulted in digoxin overdose in Mrs.A expressing the adverse effects as unusual behavior, confusion, easily fatigability, irritability, obsessive and compulsive behavior with yellowish green moldy appearance (Wiley, 2015, Micromedex, 2016). Mrs. A is both on digoxin and furosemide (loop diuretics) which may cause hypokalemia that may increase toxicity in older persons (Lewis, 2004, Davis, 2016). The patient should be instructed to discontinue digoxin and electrolyte disturban ces, thyroid dysfunction should be corrected and digoxin antidote (digoxin immune Fab- Digibind), should be given which binds with digitalis- glycoside molecule and is excreted from renal tubules (Davis, 2016). Increasing age causes changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of drugs. The pharmacokinetic changes involves reduced kidney and liver clearance and an increased distribution of lipid- soluble drugs (hence prolonging the half-life of elimination) whereas pharmacodynamic changes involves alterations (commonly increased) in sensitivity to many drug classes such as anti-coagulants, cardio-vascular and psycho-tropic drugs (Mangoni, 2004). In elderly, the timing of absorption rate may be delayed, peak concentration may be lowered and delay in timing of peak concentration and the absorption of overall amount of drug (bioavailability) remain changed. Further, the metabolic clearance of medications by the liver might be reduced because of reduced liver blood- flow, reduced size and mass of liver. Even ageing decreases size of kidney, its blood flow, functional nephrons, tubular secretion and ultimately decreasing glomerular filtration rate. Due to ageing, drug clearance of cert ain drugs as atenolol, digoxin, etc may be decreased. Overall, the age induced changes in pharmacodynamics include increased sensitivity to sedative drugs, increased psycho-motor impairment with certain drugs, increased timing of pain relief, increased drowsiness, decreased heart rate to beta- blockers, increased cardiac sensitivity to digoxin (Farho, 2016). Case study- Mr. B WHO defines the adverse- drug reaction (ADR) as the noxious, un-intentional and un-desirable effect of a medication/ drug that happens at doses, which are used in case of prophylactic treatment, diagnostic procedures and collaborative therapies for the human. ADR is also stated as an identifiable harmful or any un-pleasant reaction that results due an intervention that is based on medicinal product. It is of two types as Type-A and B (Edwards, 2000). Type- A reactions are expected type of exaggeration of the drug with known effect whereas type B reactions are idio-syncratic and not known type of allergy. The adverse- drug reactions are divided into 6 types as dose- related (augmented), not dose- related (bizarre), dose- related as well as time- related (chronic), time- related (delayed), with-drawal (end-of-use) and failure of therapies (failure). The main goal of allergic drug reaction involves recognition of clinical features of allergic reaction at the earliest, maintenance of patent airway, administering drugs and treating shock. As Mr. B already has IV cannula, disconnect the IV flow (but dont remove the IV access) and inform to the physician. Perform quick assessment for circulation, breathing and airway. Obtain oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and check for progression of symptom. Continuously monitor vital signs of Mr. B. Monitor the respiratory rate, effort, depth and use of accessory muscle for respiration. Assess the oxygen saturation level by using pulse oximetry to know the level of saturation and PO2 less than 92 mm Hg indicates severe oxygen insufficiency which requires endo-tracheal intubation or tracheostomy (Lewis, 2004). Assess the level of consciousness and his cardiac rhythm as any changes may indicate requiring hypovolemic shock treatment. Monitor the urine output of Mr. B, as decreased flow will indicate progression to severe anaphylactic shock. A nurse should inform the physician and follow his orders. Based on his orders, start intra venous infusion of 0.5 ml of epinephrine by diluting it as 1: 10,000 at an interval of 5 to 10 minute. Administer oxygen (high flow oxygen) through non- re breather oxygen mask (Lewis, 2004). Administer drug di-phenhydramine (Benadryl) through intra muscular or intravenous injection. Administer histamine- H2 receptor blockers such as Tagamet (cimetidine). Maintain blood pressure of Mr. B by administering fluids (normal saline), volume expanders, vasopressors as dopamine- Inotropin, nor- epinephrine bitartrate- levophed. Place the patient in recumbent position and elevate the legs of Mr. B to increase brain perfusion. It has to be informed to allergy specialist where they will educate Mr. B about its prevention and avoidance later (ASCIA, 2016). The presence of allergy should be informed to all his care givers, other staff nurses and para- medicals. The Patient should be instructed to document the features of allergic episode to find out the avoidable causes of allergy in the next 6 to 8 hours after the onset of allergic reaction. If Mr. B is unable to document, the doctor or nurse practitioner can document it. The ASCIA- anaphylaxis event record should be used while collecting the information (ASCIA, 2016). The name of the patient (Mr. B), date and time of allergic reaction, general practitioner and specialist attended during the allergic event, suspected triggers (drug- amoxicillin), type of adverse reactions as itching in chest region, tightness in chest and throat, difficulty and noisy breathing, difficulty to speak and tongue swelling should be recorded. The place of allergic reaction (hospital), activity before allergic reaction, medical condition (community- acquired pneumonia) and past reactions (nil for Mr. B), known allergens and any adrenaline auto-injector has been prescribed (ASCIA, 2015). B should be instructed about the presence of allergy for drug amoxicillin. He should be instructed to avoid this drug. He should be explained that he has to inform the presence of intolerance to drug amoxicillin to the physicians and nurses while giving care. In case of new admission to any hospital he has to inform about the presence allergic reaction to amoxicillin at the time of history collection and fill the allergy form with type, location, previous adverse events, etc in the admission form He has to wear a medic- alert bracelet with listing about the allergy for drug which helps medical professionals to understand about his allergy (Lewis, 2004, Douglas, 2012). He should be referred to allergy specialist where the allergy specialist will educate about prevention and avoidance of allergy and managing co morbidities. Allergy specialist will instruct about ASCIA- action plan for combating anaphylaxis and preparing for future attacks (ASCIA, 2016). I will get feedback from Mr. B about the type of allergic reaction he has and about his allergy to amoxicillin. I will ask Mr. B to fill the event- record for allergic reactions with the description of his allergies and adverse events. (ASCIA, 2015). This will help me to get feedback as what he knows about his allergic reactions. The allergy and adverse reactions should be documented in two separate boxes. The allergy box should be marked in case of mild allergy to anaphylaxis and adverse- drug reaction (ADR) box should be marked when there is unintended after administration of drugs. These information on should be marked as Yes or No and the appropriate medication should be documented and the allergies/ adverse reaction box documented in the last page reminds the prescriber or administrator of medication about these reactions (NMCU, 2012). Case Study- Amelia Bling The nursing assessment of fluid overload is important. EN should assess for airway obstruction due to edema caused by fluid overload to maintain patent airway. She should assess the respiratory, rate, rhythm, pattern and depth of respiration, use of accessory and visible intercostal muscles and nasal flaring to rule out the presence of dypnoea. Auscultation to rule out presence of pulmonary edema (crackle and wheezing sound) should be done (Douglas, 2012). The circulatory status should be assessed by checking for bounding pulse, oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry. Blood pressure should be recorded as hypertension may occur. The neurological status (level of consciousness, orientation, GCS), skin (edema) should be assessed. DAR for Pain The focus of this problem is pain. Notice the way how the D, A, and R are written. Date/Hour Focus Progress Notes 11/30/2016 1100hrs Pain D: Reports sudden, unbearable sharp pain on the incision site with pain score of 8/10 Shows facial grimace Guards the incision site Crying with pain Highly restless and irritable A: Administered Tab. Paracetamol, 1 gm PO as per doctors order. Encouraged to perform deep breathing exercises Demonstrated relaxation techniques Patient felt comfortable and remain safe R: Amelia reports relief from pain Looks calm and comfortable. Pain score- 0/10 Complementary therapies such as guided imagery, hypnotherapy, music therapy, medication, yoga, relaxation therapy, art therapy, biofeedback, breathing exercises, prayer techniques, etc should be given to relieve pain. These techniques will relieve relax the Amelias mind and divert her. This will help to get relief from pain (Douglas, 2012). On 30.11.2016 at 09.00 am. Endone, 5 mg 6Hrly and Tab. Paracetamol, 1 gm 4 Hrly was administered orally as per doctors order. Kept patient comfortable and safe. No complications noted. Aboriginal people use centering approach to manage pain. It causes stimulated sleep in patients with pain in which withdrawal of pain psychologically and spiritually (Queensland government, 2014). The nurse should give respect to their traditional medicine. She has to discuss pain management strategies without hurting their cultural feelings. They should be involved in the pain management strategies. Case study- Marshall Every patient has a right to refuse the treatment. No treatment and diagnosis should be made without consent. A nurse should explain Mrs.Marshall about importance of atorvastatin, side effects and methods to overcome it. She should explain about the management of side effects. A detailed explanation with complete and sufficient information should be given to Mrs.Marshall to help them to understand the uses of taking atorvastatin. The patient is refusing to take atorvastatin due to its side effects, so methods to overcome it should be explained (NCMIC, 2007). 10. There are many risk factors and complications of IV therapy. The main complication is circulatory overloaded which means the intra vascular fluid compartment contains more fluid than that of normal. It occurs when the fluids are infused more rapidly and more amounts are given than needed level. This overload may lead to heart failure then pulmonary edema and if not controlled leading to death of an individual. The next complication is infiltration in which escape of fluid into sub-cutaneous layer due to improper insertion of IV cannula. It may cause development of swelling, pain, numbness, coldness and hardness around insertion site. Extravasations may also occur in which blood from the veins may flow out of the vessels due to the damage of blood vessels leading to hematoma formation. Thrombophlebitis may occur due to the physical trauma or mechanical trauma by chemicals (Douglas, 2012). Pyrogenic reactions such as increased temperature, nausea, vomiting and circulatory collapse may occur within 30 minutes of infusion. Air embolism is a serious complication in which small air particles may enter into the blood vessels during needle insertion and circulates in the blood vessels blocking the blood supply to vital organs. Infection at insertion site, allergic reactions, hepatitis, osmotic diuresis and nerve damage may occur. Strict aseptic technique should be followed. The IV cannula and bottles should be sterile. The hand with cannula should be placed flat on the bed to avoid dislodgement. The infusion rate should not be too rapid or slow. The patient should be advice to keep hand out of water. It should be used only for 3- 4 days to prevent infection and for blood transfusion, IV cannula has to be changed daily (Douglas, 2012). Before and after administration of drugs IV cannula has to be flushed with hepflush. Blood sample for investigations should be taken from new IV line. The indications are to save the life of the patient as in case of hemorrhage, shock, etc and to provide fluid in case of dehydration, to supply nutrients to patients with oral disorders, vomiting, etc. It is indicated to dilute toxins in case of septicemia and poisoning and administer drugs as a treatment method (Douglas, 2012). It is given to restore fluid and blood volume, to meet nutritional and fluid requirement and to treat shock by providing electrolytes. Reference American Psychiatric Publishing. Chapter 8. Principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.978158623860.as08 ASCIA. (2016). ASCIA Guidelines - Acute management of anaphylaxis. Retrieved from https://www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines ASCIA. (2015). Event Record for Allergic Reaction. Retrieved from https://www.allergy.org.au/images/pcc/ASCIA_event_record_allergic_reactions_2015.pdf ASHP. (n. d.). Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Pharmacokinetics:Chapter-1. Retrieved from https://www.ashp.org/doclibrary /bookstore/ p2418-chapter1.aspx 1-12 Association of prescribers. (2016). Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Edge Hill university. Retrieved from https://www.associationforprescribers.org.uk/images/ Pharmacokinetics_and_Pharmacodynamics_the_basics.pdf Davis. (2016). Daviss drug guide. Retrieved from https://www.drugguide.com/ddo/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51218/all/digoxin Douglas, C. (2012). Potter and Perrys Fundamentals of Nursing- Australian version. (4th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Edwards, I.R. (2000). Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management: Lancet.356(9237):1255-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02799-9 Farho, L. (2016). Geriatric Pharmacotherapy: University of Nebraska Medical Center. Retrieved from https://pharmacologycorner.com/category/therapeutic-groups/cardiovascular-drugs/antiarrhythmics/ Lewis, S.M., Heitkemper, M. M., Dirksen, S.R. (2013). Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. (9th ed.). Missouri: Mosby Mangoni, A.A. (2004).Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 57(1): 614. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02007.x Micromedex (2016). Drugs- Digoxin. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/digoxin-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20072646 NCMIC. (2007). What Should I Do If My Patient Refuses My Recommendations?. Retrieved from https://www.ncmic.com/prc/risk-management/clinical-risks/what-should-i-do-i-my-patient-refuses-my-recommendations.aspx NMSP- NATIONAL MEDICATION SAFETY PROGRAMME. (2012). National Medication Chart USER GUIDE: Health Quality Safety Commission. Retrieved from https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/Medication-Safety/NMC-PR/NMC-UserGuide-Oct2012.pdf Nursing pharmacology Chronicle. (2011). Pharmacotherapeutics- Definition. Retrieved from https:// nuring +phramocolgy= chronicle/ Pharmacotherapeutics Queensland government. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patient care guideline. Retrieved from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/atsihealth/documents/patient_care_guideline.pdf Smith, Y. (2016). What is Toxicology?. Retrieved from https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Toxicology.aspx Wiley, F. (2015). Drug- Digoxin. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/digoxin

Experimental Ablation Essays - Ablation, Lesion, Brain,

Experimental Ablation Experimental ablation is one of the most common research methods. It consists of removal or destruction of part of the brain of an experimental animal for the purpose of studying the functions of that region of the brain. Most often tissue is destroyed rather than removed. The animals behavior is then observed to determine what part of the body is controlled by that particular region of the brain. The technique is also referred to as lesion studies. The rationale behind such a procedure is that after a brain lesion occurs, if an animal can no longer perform a particular function which was previously performable, then an inference can be made that the area of the brain destroyed is indeed the area which controls that bodily function. Care must be taken when interpreting results of ablation. It is not as easy to determine that an animal is blind, for example, as it is in humans. In addition, a distinction must be made between brain function and behavior. One brain region or neural circuit cannot be responsible for behavior. The goal is to determine what functions are combined to perform particular behaviors. Experimental ablation is performed on animals for the purpose of research. Such a technique on humans would be unethical, therefore; experimental animals serve an important role. When diseases or accidents cause brain damage in humans, we can observe behavior and make the same types of inferences if we can locate the brain lesion. Science

Free Essays on Ways Of Seeing

I chose Rembrandt’s painting titled The Music Party for my paper because I had to choose an older painting. This piece isn’t a painting that I would normally choose because it doesn’t interest me. I am more interested in paintings with many colors and shapes rather than pictures of people in history. I also like modern art because they allow you to make your own opinion of them and they are more fitting towards modern society and society’s perceptions. This painting already has a meaning that has been passed down through generations since it was produced. During the time period this painting was produced, a ruling class existed. They were the people that defined the perceptions of society and culture. Art is a form of culture. The painting I chose is focused on society’s perceptions. In the painting I chose, the focal point is the woman sitting in the middle holding a book. There are two other people in the room, but they are behind her. They are painted darker than the woman and appear to be in the shadows. That is why I have reasoned that the woman is the focal point. The men in the back are playing musical instruments that appear to be a cello and a harp. The women is holding a book which I think is a song book because the look on her face suggests that she is singing and because everyone else is doing something with music. There are numerous other books scattered around the floor that could also possibly be music books. There is a picture on the wall, but it is too small to tell what it is a picture of. The original painting is in color, but my printer is out of ink and I’m not sure exactly what color everything is. The painting is rather small, but it could possibly be because I got it off-line. I originally went to Miami Oxford’s Art museum, but all they had was one exhibit of modern paintings and a display about pottery. I don’t have a car right now sow it was impossibl... Free Essays on Ways Of Seeing Free Essays on Ways Of Seeing I chose Rembrandt’s painting titled The Music Party for my paper because I had to choose an older painting. This piece isn’t a painting that I would normally choose because it doesn’t interest me. I am more interested in paintings with many colors and shapes rather than pictures of people in history. I also like modern art because they allow you to make your own opinion of them and they are more fitting towards modern society and society’s perceptions. This painting already has a meaning that has been passed down through generations since it was produced. During the time period this painting was produced, a ruling class existed. They were the people that defined the perceptions of society and culture. Art is a form of culture. The painting I chose is focused on society’s perceptions. In the painting I chose, the focal point is the woman sitting in the middle holding a book. There are two other people in the room, but they are behind her. They are painted darker than the woman and appear to be in the shadows. That is why I have reasoned that the woman is the focal point. The men in the back are playing musical instruments that appear to be a cello and a harp. The women is holding a book which I think is a song book because the look on her face suggests that she is singing and because everyone else is doing something with music. There are numerous other books scattered around the floor that could also possibly be music books. There is a picture on the wall, but it is too small to tell what it is a picture of. The original painting is in color, but my printer is out of ink and I’m not sure exactly what color everything is. The painting is rather small, but it could possibly be because I got it off-line. I originally went to Miami Oxford’s Art museum, but all they had was one exhibit of modern paintings and a display about pottery. I don’t have a car right now sow it was impossibl...

Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issues - Essay Example From the project, several important implementation issues came up that would guide the health practitioners in data gathering. One of the issues was identifying core component while carrying out the project (Dennison & Prevost, 2012). As such, the practitioners focus on the interventions that are critical to producing positive results such as taking a hundred children six to ten years to collect the data. The reason for including this age was that that the children between those ages are susceptible to germs and dirt. The second issue was the importance of the implementation of the project. Program implementation is crucial for the hand-washing project as the intended outcomes are important for health practitioners and the patients (Brown, 2011). As such, the data gathering should contain such questions as factors affecting the project, how the implementation should be carried out to obtain the best result among others. The third issue in the series using evidence to re-educate people about the development of a new invention. The use of evidence is important is important as it teaches the parties on how to address social behaviors (LoBiondo-Wood & In Haber, 2014)). As such, the team will educate the receptors and the society in general on the significance of hand washing and recommend the right soap to use to kill the microorganisms in the dirty hands. Identifying core component of the hand-washing project was crucial for the group as it was based on recognizing and processing on what makes the program work. Importance of the project is crucial, as the results of the project are important to both the health practitioners and the receptors (Goldesteen and Graham, 2011). Using evidence from the project is crucial as it describes how to use the evidence to promote effectiveness and development. Evidence-based project is important as health practitioners are re-educated on the project to enhance the effectiveness while handling

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 61

Journal - Essay Example In this respect, I am most interested on studying Intrapersonal context of communication as one of the theories that explore the complex system of the society. Interpersonal relations constitute attribution theory, uncertainty reduction theory, expectancy violation theory, and cognitive dissonance. Attribution theory remains an important aspect of interpersonal relations which affirms that whatever the cause may be, there always remain a strong need to comprehend and make clear what is going on in our world. This attribution theory gives the need for people to explain their feelings and desires which prompts interaction in various social settings. This opens up interesting influence and possibilities which promotes communication as a tool of interpersonal relations (Wood 919). The importance of understanding intrapersonal communication and the theories cannot be overestimated as it plays central role in defining our diverse and unique identities. This theory is viewed as the point at which all communications begin, which leads on to overt communication. It is therefore important that interpersonal relations theory is given much emphasis as it dictates the aggregate working of the entire

The Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters Research Paper

The Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters - Research Paper Example The investigators were able to figure out the technical causes of the disaster, which called for several suggested changes that NASA needed to employ (Ryan, 2012). After the Challenger disaster, NASA implemented several changes in accordance with the recommendations made by the Commission that investigated and reported on the disaster. NASA embarked on creating a solid Rocket motor design in collaboration with other bodies that included the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Solid Rocket Motor (SSRM). The involved parties scrutinized several designs for tests and analysis in order to come up with the best new design that minimizes on the utilization of existing hardware (Ryan, 2012). NASA and the group were to implement tests and virtual launch before the real launch. NASA also changed its space shuttle management organization and its relations with its field centers and the headquarters. This eased the communication hurdles ensuring a clear sending and reception of information at all levels. This also included the implementation of efficient management and flight readiness review that entailed including documentation for the entire flight crew. The aftermath of the Columbia disaster showed that several aspects of recommended changes to NASA after the Challenger disaster were not implemented. ... The structure had also retained numerous locations hindering efficient decision-making process by the stakeholders. The realization of efficient management and flight readiness review that entailed including documentation for the entire flight crew was also not followed accordingly. The report indicated that the flight program managers did not consider all the opinions from relevant sources. Instead, they established huge barriers by using their knowledge and experience in contrast to the real solid data regarding the flight. This compromised the readiness review because to the managements lack of flexibility and adoption of the real data. Actions for sustaining change may have contributed to the changes being sustained because they have the capacity to embed the changes made. Redesigning of roles shows changes made are paramount to the organization. A modification of roles may also indicate long-term success of the changes made. Redesigning of the reward systems entails changing the organizations culture. Consequently, modifying its culture has a direct impact on the core values in place at the organization. This also influences the mode through which operations are carried out. Linking selection decisions to change objectives is an action whose selection criteria are signs of whether fresh initiatives and change are being encouraged. These actions ensure that changes are sustained. Measuring the progress of the implemented changes quantifies the progress made on the changes (Ryan, 2012). Measuring progress entails measuring the results and measuring the advancement of the implemented changes in an organization. A measure of results indicates the actual achievement of the objectives while the measure of

Broken Windows And The Cpted Policing Strategies Criminology Essay

Broken Windows And The Cpted Policing Strategies Criminology Essay CPTED and Broken Windows policing are both successful strategies for reclaiming crime-ridden public spaces (i.e., crime hot spots) by reducing crime opportunities and changing the publics perceptions of what are acceptable behaviors in those specific areas. The Broken Windows theory is a policing strategy based on the basic principles, which holds that ignoring the little problems such as graffiti, loitering, houses and building with broken windows tend to add up and typically end up destroying a neighborhood good social life. The term Broken Windows come from the term used in 1982 article in The Atlantic Monthly by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. Broken Window s theories, propose that in addition to ignoring minor crimes and the minor sings of disorder the results will be additional disorder and ultimately lead to serious crimes to be committed. In additional program capable of altering the safety and live hood of a community is one that requires the physical environment to be altered. Before one considers implementing Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED), a working definition and basic understanding is essential. The CPTED is a very broad study and it entails a re-design of hot zone environments to encourage desirable behavior, and functionality, and decreased antisocial (criminal) behavior. Although the CPTED field is gradually expanding to encompass affective, psychological, and sociological environmental design-known as the second-generation CPTED, its traditional focus has still been emphasized on altering the environment through effective physical design. The Broken Windows theory created a positive environment were people who feared becoming crime victims would no longer want to abandon their communities. Instead it promoted community members to stay active in programs focused on prevention and reduction of criminal activity. In addition Broken Window policies sparked a revolutionary change in policing. In trouble neighborhoods were home foreclosures were the highest, the police worked with the community to improve the foreclosed homes physical appearance in turn improving the appearance of the community. If a window was broken the owner had to immediately replace it, if an owner was not found then the community replaced the broken windows. If the front yarn needed maintenance once again the owner was contacted if the owner could not be contacted the community would set up volunteer to help clean the yard. If there was graffiti on the walls they would immediately get painted over or scrubbed, then establish tough zero tolerance polic y to deal with graffiti artist. If there were abandoned cars then immediately haul them out. The Broken Windows theory can be applied to almost every other city or county where one resides. There is always that one part of a city where its known to fit into this theory. For example in some phoenix neighborhood that had drinking bars and liquor stores, customers were not allowed to drink outside. The business in collaboration with local police would make sure that there wouldnt be any homeless and drunks on the sidewalls. The residents would also establish community programs to help the homeless and individual dealing with alcoholism. Another example would apply to the growing problems the Buckeye police had to deal with, due to the high rates of foreclosed homes. The Broken Windows theory has implied that crime is more likely to occur in areas that are abandoned and not well taken care of. Broken Windows theory as explained by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 (Peak and Glensor 99), they describe how not only physical signs that an area is unattended is where crime will more likely take place, but also the type of public it is attracting to those areas. When home owners abandon their homes, criminals would tend to hide or be out of the publics sight on foreclosed homes. The homes are also a loitered and frequented by drug users. Foreclosed homes will then tend to become hanging out spots for the local youths. The abandoned homes will then tend to get vandalized and have possible property damaged. Eventually these homes will deter potentially home buyers. However, Broken Windows Policing is not an answer to eradicate all crime, instead policies are intended to be proactive and preventive in working with the community and the local police to prevent and deter crime. Adequate implementation of broken windows policies and the ability to carry out Crime Prevention thorough Environmental Design resourcefully, play the most important role in removing un-wanted targets that may lead to opportunities for offences to be committed, such as larceny, auto theft, home burglary and many white collar crimes. When youre able to carry out broken windows policies and prevention through the effective implementation of the CPTED then the community would be and will remain crime free. Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) is different from other crime control approaches that attempt to change the disposition or surrounding factors the offenders. Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) policies do not deal with the crime or the criminal activity directly. Instead, situational Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) theories are based on changing the individuals environment. Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) prevention also targets potential victims by changing their interaction with their environment , with an end goal of positively changing the victims behavior .Effecting an environment is a way to reduce the likelihood of individuals of becoming crime victims as a cause of their environment conditions (wrong place at the wrong time). Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) will also tend to target public building designs that will target women and children for immediate situational crime intervention, since they will have higher chances of victimization. Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) ignores the individual, instead if focuses on the individuals interaction with its immediate social, psychological and physical environment. The theoretical stance in s Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED), has a great deal in com ­mon with social learning theory (R.V.G. Clarke 1982), determines a productive interaction between the individual and the environmental scenarios. To prevent and to reduce crime the individuals interaction with their environment must be analyzed. Architects emphasise that to reducing delinquency in high schools it is just as plausible to locate the causes of delinquency in the individual as in the environment (1980: Newman) .Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) policies have enable the reduction of crime though environmental design by deterring low-rate offenders form being able to coming any crime, in addition (CPTED) policies are geared to identify and eliminate h igh-rate crime zone (such as alley ways, dark hallways and dead ends) to directly deter offenders. Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) offers effective design measures for the community and will most likely change the criminal to be perception of committing a crime in that particular neighbourhood. In an attempt to change the disposition or personality of hot zone environment ffor example, the introduction of technology which enabled telephones to display the calling number on a potential victims phone served to reduce the number of obscene phone calls (Clarke, 1991). Immediate physical changes on an environment, such as security visible cameras and constant recordings on videotape or DVDs on hot zones (such as liquor stores, alley ways, dark hallways and dead ends), will not only aid the police in convicting criminals but the cameras presence can also reduce the risk of personal items from being stolen and private property from being vandalized. For example in High School with dozens of unsecured and poorly labeled exterior(emergency) doors will not able to effectively control who comes and goes thought the doors. Intruders will have no restrictions and are free rein; as a result schools officials must rely on other security measures. Without the existence of a natural access control, school security officials much place a greater emphasis must on surveillance, territoriality, school social climate, and relying on security personnel to step in and compensate thus by changing the method on which unsecured doors are monitored the safety of the schools students have been increased . A similar argu ­ment concerning the negative aesthetics of an environment such as loud guard dogs, barbed wire and security cameras will deter any criminal activity from occurring. Policies through Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) will have an effect of changing the (criminals) individuals perception of a good target area prone to commit a crime; effective environmental designs will act a positive crime deterrent. To effectively maintain a crime free environment , governing bodies along with community planes must be required to approve effective planning policies but must also to effectively consult and address a communities social and criminal problems. Sometimes by just implementing slight aesthetic changes will imply that a criminal should be frustrated by CPTED measures being enforce. Adding lights to hot spots will additionally effect the deception of easy crime, (quick cash, etc.) and will also change a criminals decision, as to the time; location and ty pe of crime to be committed. The extend, under which these Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) policies get applied with immediately effect the motivation of the perpetuator and effectively deterring the opportunistic offender will be determined by its environmental designs. , both of these strategies CPTED and Broken Windows have the effect of increasing residents willingness to apply informal social control in an area These policing methods, Broken Windows Policing, Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) strategies require a substantial amount of trust on the police officers part as well as an active commitment/participation for the citizens part. Both of these methods of policing allow citizens to collaborate with community leaders, architects, social workers, designers and police agencies and develop environments that are not just esthetically pleasant but offer its inhabitants a guaranteed sense of safety and thrust. All participants will have to trust each other and know that each other is looking out for them to help everyone stay safe By understand how situational crime prevention is different from other crime control approaches by being able to bring together the policies and theories incorpo ­rated in rational choice theory and routine activity .Tends to lead to an increased focus on the relationship between certain environments and types of crime. We understand why certa in locations usually generate more crime, or whether they just provide a suitable environment in which crime just happens to occur. The environment does not so cause crime as merely provide an appropriate setting for it to occur ­. It very important to understand broken windows theories and Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED), perspectives within certain environments are more likely to encourage criminal activity and focus in positive environments are less likely to do so. CPTED and Broken Windows policing are both strategies for reclaiming crime-ridden public spaces (i.e., crime hot spots) by reducing crime opportunities and changing the publics perceptions of what are acceptable behaviors in those areas. Broken windows theories and Crime Prevention Thorough Environmental Design (CPTED) promote the quality of life and sustainable living environments through enhanced community safety. .

Discussing the Greatness of Jay Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby F. Sc

The first thing you see when you pick up the novel is the title. Fitzgerald chose the title ‘The Great Gatsby’ for his novel. This could lead us to believe that he personally believed his character to be great. However, this was not his only title for the book. The original title of the novel was: ‘Trimalchio in West Egg.’ Perhaps Fitzgerald changed the title as his story developed as he came to realise Gatsby’s greatness. However, this could be used to argue the other way, perhaps this original title relates more to the party throwing Gatsby and the hedonistic Jazz Age, suggesting that Gatsby isn’t great. Gatsby, as a rich man, has many beautiful possessions. This can be noticed in his ‘gorgeous’ car which had ‘a labyrinth of wind-shields that mirrored a dozen suns’. Nick discovers that at one of Gatsby’s parties a woman named Lucille tore her dress, and within a week she ‘got a package from Croirier’s with a new evening gown in it.’ This portrays Gatsby’s greatness through his generosity, and the impression is given that it is wonderful to be involved in Gatsby’s world. As The Great Gatsby is narrated by Nick, we see everything through Nick’s eyes. Nick tells us towards the beginning that there was something ‘gorgeous’ about Gatsby which set him apart from everyone else. We as the reader feel attracted to Gatsby like Nick is. When Nick receives the invitation to Gatsby’s party, Nick says that the invitation was signed in a ‘majestic hand’, this makes Gatsby sound elegant. The beginning of chapter three, immediately gives the reader the impression of a fantastical atmosphere. Gatsby’s gardens are described as ‘blue’, a somewhat magical colour for gardens to be. Nick tells us that ‘men and girls came like moths among the w... ...proves to cost him his life. Having a dream to that extent is not exactly great. There is evidence for both sides of this argument. Personally I believe that Fitzgerald did not wish to prove that Gatsby was corrupt, instead he wanted to relate Gatsby’s dream to the American Dream, showing that it has been corrupt by people such as Tom and Daisy who pursue money for money’s sake. The original dream has been betrayed. It is no longer the ‘fresh green breast of the new world’, instead it has become corrupt, and no longer true. Only Gatsby holds a true dream, which is what, in my opinion, makes him so great. He cannot be blamed for the failure of his dream, because his dream was true, and gave him a purpose. It failed because of the corruption of Daisy, and her utterly careless nature. I believe that, as the title of the novel suggests, that Gatsby is truly great.

Life in the Country Verse Life in the City

Life in the City VS. Life in the Country Even though amenities are more accessible when you live in a big city, it is healthier to live in the country because of the differences in culture and the surroundings. It is healthier and safer to live in the country rather than in the city for a number of reasons, one being that there is less congestion out in the country. With congestion and over population of a city brings gangs and violence. With gangs come drugs, killings, and murders.People become very territorial when a space is over crowed or congested. It was reported that last year in the first week of summer in Battle Creek, Michigan, there was a total of 13 shootings all related to either gangs or drugs. When you live out in the country there are less people living right on top of each other. There isn’t a large amount of crime and acts of violence, because people have their space and they respect others space as well. They don’t feel as though they have to fight to keep what they have because there is plenty to go around.With that being said it is my personal opinion that with more space there is less drama that would build up the kinds of animosity that would make someone want to commit murder. Which is why growing up in the country I can’t remember a time when we had to make certain that our doors and windows were locked, that goes for both our home and our vehicles. Not only is there an increase in crime there is also an increase in pest, rodents, and critters. There are more cases of cockroach infestations in a larger city then there is out in the country that is all because of the congestion.Having to live with cockroaches creates a major health hazard because of the risks posed by cockroach antigens for people who suffer from asthma, also because they carry disease-causing germs. Some of the methods people traditionally use to eliminate them cause additional health hazards. Pesticides are never healthy to breathe in to even inges t. If you put down bate to kill them you risk them tracking it all over your home. If you have pets you have to worry about them consuming it before the cockroaches.Another way people commonly try to treat a cockroach infestation is to bomb their house. There is a reason you can’t be home for this kind of treatment, and why you need to open all the windows in your home at least an hour before you can return. It is very harmful to breathe in. Cockroach antigens are made up of proteins that can be found in the insect’s saliva, feces, eggs, and shredded cuticles. These antigens can cause allergic reactions and asthmatic episodes when they are inhaled because they are airborne.According to health house, â€Å"A large study supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has demonstrated conclusively that the combination of cockroach allergy and exposure to the insects is an important cause of asthma-related illness and hospitalizations among children in U. S. inner-city areas. † There is a major difference in the surroundings that can affect a person’s health from living in a larger city versus living in the country. The food that we consume in a larger city is so full of preservatives and additives. There are more fast food restaurants available for a quick meals.Some of the side effects of eating out and ordering in all of the time include high cholesterol, and clogged arteries. The majority of foods found out in the country are organic, because they are home grown. Living in the country as a child we always had a garden with fresh vegetables. Another difference is the air that we breathe when living in a larger city, because there are so many fast food chains and factories, there is higher pollution in the air. For extremely larger cities like Chongqing, Beijing, and Shanghai they have smog alerts where you have to wear a protective mask to prevent you from breathing in harmful pollutants.When you live in the country you’re not at risk of this because there aren’t as many factories creating these pollutants, so the air is crisp and fresh. The worst thing you have to worry about in the country is when farmers lay down the fertilizer for their crops that is an unpleasant smell. One good thing about living in a larger city as opposed to living out in the country would be that there are hospitals. When you live out in the country there aren’t as many hospitals available to you.Just like with everything else there is so much more open space and less people, which create less reasons and finances to have a hospital, because there are fewer reasons for health risks and that you are less likely to have to rush off to an emergency room, doesn’t mean that there shouldn’t be one close by you never know what might happen. A farmer might get his hand caught in a machine while trying to perform routine maintenance. A child could ingest some sort of chemicals s uch as pesticides. This would have to be the only down fall I can see about life in the country versus living in a large city.However for an extreme emergency there is always an option of having an air lift. You can also still call 911 and have an ambulance out to your place maybe even sometimes faster than if you were living in the city just because there is less traffic. There are always going to be things that challenge our health, wellness, and survival; however, the risks are higher living in the city as opposed to living in the country for two main reasons. First when living in the city there is so much more congestion, overcrowding, and diversity that can bring out the worst in people; in this case, the worst of these brought out are drugs and violence.When you live out in the country you don’t have to worry about these kinds of things as much. The second thing that challenges our health and wellness is what we consume. The air that we breathe to the nourishment we giv e to our bodies. We are not perfect but the little things that we can change to improve our situation the closer we can come to optimal health and wellness. References americanlungassociation. com battlecreekenquire. com healthhouse. com

French Idiomatic Expressions With Matin and Matinée

French Idiomatic Expressions With Matin and Matinà ©e The French words matin  and  matinà ©e  both mean morning and both are used in many idiomatic expressions. The  difference between the two is that  un matin  is a straightforward expression of time (the morning), while  une  matinà ©e  indicates a duration of time, usually stressing the length of time, as in the whole morning long.  Learn how to say dawn, repeatedly, sleep late  and more with these idiomatic expressions using matin  and  matinà ©e. This is a general principle that applies as well to other confusing pairs of words, such as  an  and  annà ©e,  jour  and  journà ©e,  and  soir  and  soirà ©e.  Note that the shorter words in each case representing a straightforward period of time are all masculine; the longer words indicating a stretch of time are all feminine. In the list below, note that while  de bon matin  is an acceptable expression, bon matin is not. Non-native speakers of French sometimes make the mistake of using bon matin to mean good morning, but this construction does not exist in French. The acceptable morning greeting is always simply  bonjour. Common French Expressions With Matin and  Matinà ©e   prendre matin, midi et soir to be taken three times a day Araignà ©e du matin, chagrin; araignà ©e du soir, espoir. (proverb) A spider in the morning, sadness (or,  bad luck); a spider at night, hope ( or, good luck) au matin de sa vie at the beginning / in the first years of ones life (when everything seems possible) au petit matin at dawn de bon matin early in the morning de grand matin early in the morning du matin au soir from morning till night à ªtre du matin to be an early riser tous les quatre matins repeatedly, again and again un de ces quatre matins one of these days une matinà ©e afternoon performance une matinà ©e dansante dance, informal afternoon dance party dans la matinà ©e (sometime) in the morning fair la grasse matinà ©e sleep late, sleep in

Social Responsibility Essay Example

Social Responsibility Essay Example Social Responsibility Essay Social Responsibility Essay Product’s price and quality as well as the company’s reputation are the various factors that affect consumers in their decision to buy or not. The University of Pennsylvania- Wharton School of Business through the [emailprotected] in a paper entitled â€Å"Do Your Customers Judge You by Your Reputations? revealed that the company’s environmental and social approach as well as the way it treat its employees coupled with genuine care for its suppliers have become a major key in attracting consumers. The study of Bignà ©, Andreu, Swaen and Chumpitaz on the â€Å"Perception of Social-Corporate Responsibility: A Cross-Cultural Analysis† states that company’s influence has nothing to do with â€Å"customers’ purchasing decisions.† This revelation was attributed to companies used of the internet where they display profile and secrets both accessible to the consumers. Also, â€Å"environmental protection [awareness] and the rise of non-gove rnmental organizations (NGOs) have spawned a growing concern for a range of intangibles that come under an umbrella known as ‘corporate social reputation.’†In the study of Professors Marta Maria de la Cuesta and Carmen Valor defines â€Å"social responsibility as ‘when companies [do] recognize and integrate social and environmental issues into their operations and their subsequent business practices, in order to satisfy those concerns and affect their relationships with partners.’† The paper also defines â€Å"‘corporate social responsibility’ creates value for the various stakeholders in the company, and winds up creating greater value for society.† Bignà ©, Andreu, Swaen and Chumpitaz study concluded that â€Å"cultural differences [have] achieved importance as a variable that explains ethical behavior.†Consumer considers â€Å"corporative social responsibility† as social and environmental activity like â₠¬Å"corporate investment in RD, and the reduction of wasteful production. [The social dimensions includes] [non-discriminatory] labor practices[,] respect for employees’ human rights [and] contributing to the improvement of the quality of life wherever the company operates, as well as assisting developing countries.†Finally, the paper consider the â€Å"personal values of each individual, [affecting] each person’s philosophy of life† will result to their openness with other culture; thus, showing tendency â€Å"for the three dimensions of corporate social responsibility.†

Does Globalization help or hurt the state of Alabama Essay

Does Globalization help or hurt the state of Alabama - Essay Example Globalization effects are dependent on the state of development of the nation. Countries that are termed as developing may not benefit from globalization compared to developed nations. This can be attributed to the lack adequate fund to acquire technology to compete with developed nations. Globalization can thus be evaluated with regards to the effect it may have on the nation it affects. The state of Alabama will be positively affected by globalization (Mishkin 2009: 187-196). Alabama’s economy depends on various industries to ensure that there is economic growth in the state. Alabama generates its revenue from agriculture with leading products being livestock products. The state’s agricultural produce includes broilers, cattle, eggs, cotton, horticulture and calves. Crop farming comprises 18% of revenue generated from agriculture. The State has manufacturing industries that add value to the raw material imported or from the country. Manufacturing industries in the Sta te increase the revenue generated as the products from the manufacturing industries retail at a higher price compared to the raw material exports. Fishing along the golf of Mexico provides the State with revenue. Mining provides the state with most of the State's revenue with some of the minerals mined include coal, natural gasses and limestone. Mining in the State provides the local people with employment which improves their lifestyle. The service industry also contributes significantly to the State’s economy. The services provided in the state include community based, business government, and personal services (Cunat, 2009:179-212). Effects of trade The revenue generated from taxes levied on imports and exports from local and international businesses enable the government to run its operations. Globalization of economies requires that such trade barriers be eliminated to facilitate the free movement of commodities. The government can generate additional revenue from the bu siness with globalization. Globalization encourages international investors. International investors increase the employment opportunities through the industries they venture into in the State. Imports will increase through globalization. Increased imports enable the citizens of the State to choose from a wide range of products provided in the market. The free trade also facilitates exports such that the industries in Alabama can market their products in all markets they may find profitable. The trade in processed good from the industries in the state ensures that it enjoys favorable terms of trade. Unlike other nations especially the developing nation which star in sale of raw material, Alabama’s finished products may retail at a higher cost thus improving the States terms of trade. Improved trade between other States would ensure that the nation reduces its budget deficits. Budget deficits are as a result of increased government spending compared to the revenue it generates . Increased trade between other States enables the government to collect more revenue from the workers and the industries in the nation thus more revenue generated. Government spending in improvement of infrastructure and provision of some basic amenities can also be reduced by encouraging foreign investments (Andres 2011:885-901). Competition may be viewed as a local industry destroyer with many weak industries falling under the pressure of competition. Competition

Microeconomics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomics - Term Paper Example onsumption of services and goods by a consumer, the theory is an attempt to measure the general satisfaction a consumer derives from the consumption of a good, the utility theory also states the law of diminishing marginal utility, this concept states that as the number of units consumed by a consumer increase then the marginal utility level keeps on dropping until it reaches zero. For example the utility gained by consuming the first unit of a good or service is higher than the utility gained from the consumption of the second unit, this shows that as we increase the number of units we consumed the utility level keeps on declining. From the chart above it is evident that the consumption of more units of a good will increase the level of utility, however marginal utility declines as the number of units increase, the above diagram shows the total utility curve and the marginal utility curve, the point labeled 0 is the optimal point of consumption for a consumer whereby a consumer should consume to this point where the marginal utility value is equal to zero. For a rational consumer the optimal consumption of a good wil also be determined by the cost of price of goods and services and also their income, if we assume that a cionsumer consume two goods with different utility levels and that his income is 200 dollars, also assume that we have good A which costs 20 dollars and good b which costs 10 dollars then we can formulate a budget line by determining the maximum number of goods a consumer will consume, for good A the maximum number of units the consumer can purchase is 200/20 = 10 for good B the maximum number of units the consumer can purchase is 200/10 = 20, therefore we derive the budget line as follows: The chart shows the indifference curve, the higher the indifference curve the higher the level of utility derived and the lower the indifference curve the lower the level of utility derived. From our above example we determine the optimal level of consumption

The Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Vietnam War - Essay Example In their attempt to prevent Vietnam from being a Communist country, the United States opted to help France in defeating Vietnam and its revolutionaries. US, therefore, sent military aid to the French in 1950. US troop’s quantity continued increasing over time until April 1969, when they reached a climax of 5434000. There were a total of 2.7 million Americans serving in South Vietnam. 58000 of them died or went missing, while 300000 others were wounded. It has been documented that the American government spent over 140 billion dollars on this war. Despite this gigantic military effort by the US, its objectives were not achieved by the end of the war. That failure has led, to date, searching answers to why the war was actually fought, and whether better military and diplomatic outcome was possible for America (Lawrence 129). After suffering a significant defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, French decided to leave Vietnam. A number of countries met at the 1954 Geneva Conference in t heir effort to determine how French would have withdrawn from Vietnam peacefully. From the conference, came an agreement that has been referred to as the Geneva Accords. It stipulated a composed extraction of French forces and a momentary splitting up of Vietnam across the 17th parallel (Wiest 23). This 17th parallel ended up splitting Vietnam into non-communist South Vietnam and communist North Vietnam. In addition to this, the conference agreed that a general independent election would be held in 1956 in order to bring back together the nation under a single government. Fearing that the communists would win during the election, the United States was against the election. South Vietnam, with the help of America, carried out the election within South Vietnam, rather than the entire country. Ngo...As the war between the South Vietnamese and the Viet Cong progressed, the United States, on the other hand, sent more guides to South Vietnam. On August 2nd, 1964 the North Vietnamese fired straight on two American vessels in global waters. This firing has been known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Congress acted in response with what has been referred to as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. US president, President Johnson’s intention for the US taking part in the Vietnam War was not for America to prevail in the war, but for the US to reinforce South Vietnam’s defenses so that South Vietnam would take over leadership. Critics have argued that by getting involved in the Vietnam War without a goal to come first, President Johnson set a weak foundation for later open and military troop disappointments for America. This is one of the greatest impacts that the Vietnam War had on the Cold War, as far as American’s success was concerned. The Vietnam War was a turning point for the Cold War, as Americans realized that their military troops were not comparable to others in strength and not able to win in any war. They needed better modus operandi and org anization. Between 1965 and 1969, the Americans were majorly involved in a restricted war in Vietnam. Even though aerial bombing was still present at the North, President Johnson intended the fighting to be limited only to the South. This limitation ensured that the United States troops would not perform severe ground physical attacks at the North to directly attack the communists.

The Truth Behind Hitler’s “Mein Kampf” Essay Example for Free

The Truth Behind Hitler’s â€Å"Mein Kampf† Essay Have you ever wonder what is the driving force behind the killing of million of Jews in the regime of Hitler? The idea or the concept behind it came from a deeper belief that was supported by the history. â€Å"Mein Kampf†, which means â€Å"My Struggle†, is an original work of Hitler where his autobiography and his ideologies about life specifically its relation to politics were discussed. This book is particularly about the childhood days of Hitler in Nazi, his future plans in Germany and the struggle for conquering the world in the sense that it would affect the political science and the different human cultures of the world. The existence of the dominating mind was based in the concept of Aryanism which is considered by Hitler as the supreme form of culture. He was stating that the master race of all human culture is a Germanic man who has the physical appearance of fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes. Through this idea, he divided human to types and he established orders which can be classified into a higher or lower form. It also sets boundary that made the Northern Europeans exclusive. This principle was based on the idea that the Aryans are the only ones who can lead the world. Their place was considered as living space and these will lead in accordance to Hitler’s plan. Like the country Russia, Hitler planned that it would be the place for the source of food for the Northern Europeans. To support his principle, he cited that like the British Empire, who conquered the quarter of the world, he would plan and organize the domination for the supremacy among the others. These are some ideas which Hitler espoused in the book. Considering the concept of cultural organization, it sounds irrational for the thinking of other diplomats. It is the racism that it became very exclusive to their race. The subordinates were established because Hitler believed that it would be an advantage for the others to be subjugated because others will come in contact with the supreme ones and will be given or will be shared with what the Aryans have. Hitler also compared the other races like the Slavic and Jews people as the Untermenschen who are racially inferior. He assigned this idea to Jews because he believed that the Jews are related into conspiracy. Hitler uses a lot of descriptions to the cultural form of the Jews as the unscrupulous and the parasites and not only the Jews but also the Czechs, Russians and the Poles. This was supported by his idea that the Aryans are culturally superior. The culture of the Aryanism as part of the struggle for domination is believed to be the outcome of the high level of arts and sciences and technology of the German people. Hitler believed that the Jews are the ones who manipulated the press and control the world finances, utilizing culture to scatter chaos to other cultures and inventing a liberal form of government like the democratic form. The political battle between the Aryans and the Jews are continued in many years. Even in the military aspect of Germany, the Aryanism was applied. This was strengthened when Germany was defeated in the World War I by France that made France as Germany’s major aim to be conquered. This Nazism became one of the foundations in arranging the ways on how the society should work as planned by Hitler. The invasion was then regarded as part of the schemes of Aryanism to established their race as the supreme ones. This would be their concrete example of being the highest form. The differences between the Aryanism, as related to Nazism as a form of government, and the Jews concept of what should be the human culture, were showed in their endless cultural battle to dominate the world. Like the concept of white supremacy, it can lead to a very threatening tone to other races. Today, the different principles about the way on how should the culture adapt to a new one could be a threat to the original culture. Hitler’s idea and his plans about being the supreme is a big threat to the constructive forms of government. This can be based on the concept of ethnocentrism where that race considers their selves as the center and the most knowledgeable among others. To sum this up, â€Å"Mein Kampf† gives the idea of being the supreme like in the form of dictatorship where only one could lead and should be followed. WORK CITED â€Å"Mein Kampf†. July. 1925. http://www. historyplace. com/worldwar2/timeline/kampf2. htm

Strategies to Prevent Cyber Crime

Strategies to Prevent Cyber Crime Andrew Rayner Cyber Crime: Preventing the Horrific Crimes on the Internet In today’s society, there are many aspects of crime committed on a regular basis. Civilians take advantage of people using online resources such as a fraudulent website requiring credit card information to get a free monthly trial. Other venues that may contain a potential for cyber crimes are online chatting websites, full of predators or websites requiring a downloadable program that contains a hacking virus. Sadly, there are many cases of cyber crime populating the internet. Acts of cyber crimes are considered violent acts like any other. Every day, citizens are constantly losing money and being victimized due to a variety fraudulent activities. Cyber crime, including fraud, identity theft, stalking, and hacking, is a growing problem which can be prevented by taking the proper precautions. The biggest case of cyber crimes are cases of fraud. â€Å"Online fraud comes in many forms. It ranges from viruses that attack computers with the goal of retrieving personal information, to email schemes that lure victims into wiring money to fraudulent sources† (What is â€Å"online fraud†). When browsing the internet, people will stumble upon websites offering a free trial. Some of these websites are real, but many are fake. Real examples can include ones like Netflix, Hulu, or Amazon Prime. A fake website, such as one offering too great of a deal often contains attempts of fraud, to gain access to credit card information. Another way of committing fraud is by sending fake emails to Craigslist advertisers make the victim think that he/she is getting a great deal. This type of fraud has to do with shipping. Criminals respond to Craigslist advertisements pretending to be a company such as PayPal, saying that the money is being held until the victim replies to the email with a valid tracking number. When the victims gives the requested information, the criminal ignores the victim and takes their money. Protection against offenders requires cautionary steps. â€Å"Perpetrators act as hackers who intercept personal information while victims are online, either through website entry or through phony [emails] in which they disguise themselves as legitimate firms attracting victims to do business with them† (Dyke 3). Keeping personal information secure on the internet is vital for any person’s safety. Never give out credit card information online to any company unless the company is verified. One way of checking for authenticity is to see if the websites has a verification certificate. These certificates cant be given to any website unless it is approved to take vital information. This is a safe way of making sure credit card information is not given to anyone who might steal it. Although they don’t take credit cards, when dealing on Craigslist, never ship anything, for any reason, as this is a scam; instead, the deal should be handled in person. There is no safe way on the internet to ship any item between private parties, so it is best to avoid anyone wanting to work with shipping or money shipments. Anyone can use a credit card number online without a tangible card. Keeping credit card details safe is important when dealing online. Only give credit card information to a website if that the website is certified to take a card. Almost any credit card will have bank protection when purchasing virtual goods, but it is important to make sure card information is not given to an unknown or untrusted website. Many scam websites will have a fake certification seal to verify that the website is real, the seal should link to a valid certification location. A form of cyber crime involving personal information is identity theft. When browsing the internet, people often come across ads that supposedly allow the user to win an iPad or other expensive device when completing a survey. This is a scam and is never a valid offer. These surveys require the user to input personal information such as an address, email, phone number, and name. This is a common method to steal identities. People may also come across a practice of identity theft such as Free-Credit-Score websites. These websites will ask for every bit of personal information including a social security number. A common victim pool is false advertising on Craigslist such as a fake job offer. Social engineers are predators who prey on victims to get personal information resulting in a scam, or even worse, identity theft. Do not deal with anyone on Craigslist when trying to find a friend to chat with. They often are cyber thieves wanting every bit of information to use to their advantage. To prevent identity theft, never give personal information to any website or any person unless that website can is trusted. Some common websites that are trustable are PayPal, Amazon, Squirll, and verified bank websites. These sites all have approved certifications seals. Normally this is checkable by looking to the left of the URL (Website Address) for a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) installation, which is indicated by a lock icon. Having stalkers outside of the web is dangerous, but because of advancements in technology, the internet is full of cyber stalkers as well. â€Å"A cyberstalker only needs access to a computer and a modem. Due to the enormous amount of personal information available through the internet, a cyberstalker can easily locate private information about a potential victim with a few mouse clicks or key stokes† (Cyberstalking). Many websites on the internet offer instant messaging. A few examples are Omegle, Craigslist, and teen chat rooms. These rooms are normally a hangout for predators. The predators will act as someone they arent to try and convince victims to like them, resulting in giving them personal details. Chatting sites are extremely dangerous, and it is imperative that chat rooms are avoided to prevent a perpetrator finding you outside of the internet. Social sites such as Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter are also websites that require caution when using. Creating an account on these websites require no identification possibly resulting in the predator disguising as someone they arent such as a relative or friend. Never give information to anyone online in a chatting program such as Skype or instant messaging system. Putting information online having to do with personal information is never a good idea even if it is Facebook or other websites such as Google+. Cyber stalkers are normally found on chat websites and social media websites. It is important to always exercise caution for protection when speaking to anyone online, no matter the situation because of the dangers. â€Å"Cyberstalking is just as frightening and potentially dangerous as a stalker at the victim’s front door† (Cyberstalking 2). The biggest form of cyber crime is hacking for malicious reasons or personal gain. â€Å"There are some career criminals who steal by electronic means. This small group poses a large problem for society, but it’s not a new one. Thieves are thieves† (Harvey 2). There are thousands of people on the internet trying to hack for gain on a daily basis. This is done through key loggers, Remote Administration Tools (R.A.T.S), and other types of malicious software. These are normally found within an executable file (.exe). These viruses will infect computers and try to steal information such as logins to websites, credit card information in files, or any type of person information. Many kids and some adults fall for this scam on a daily basis. When trying to find a premium code for a service such as Xbox Live or Spotify, people will come across a multitude of websites that give them instruction to complete a survey to unlock a premium code. These are not real. Do not download anything from a survey. Surveys will ask for permission to download a program to unlock the file which supposedly contains the free premium code for such service. Normally these programs are prone to contain an infected type of file, forcing advertisements and malicious software onto a computer. The last major type of virus is a phony antivirus program. When attempting to download a program to help fix an infected computer, normally the user results in having more remotely downloaded viruses. Instead of stealing information or logging computers, these viruses are typically used to force people to purchase the antivirus software to make the annoying virus go away. These are also used to lock ones computer and make him or her pay to have it unlocked. These viruses normally are the worst kind because they are so hard to remove from an infected machine, and scare the unknowing victim. Trustworthy programs are normally anything from trusted developers, such as Microsoft or Adobe. However, there are plenty of trustworthy ones on the internet. To determine if the websites/programs are trustworthy, check the SSL on the website from which the program is being downloaded, which means it is certified. If ever unsure about a program, websites such as Virus Total can scan the program for infections. These websites scan files for anything malicious. If any sort of malicious viruses are found, it will notify the user before the computer decides to run the file. Most of the time anything having to do with a bot, survey, free cracked program contains a virus. There is no reason to download any program having to do with a free item, which will completely prevent someone from being infected. These crimes are a few of the dangers on the internet. To provide full safety, never give personal information to dubious-looking website, download programs that are not trustworthy, speak to anybody on the internet unless positive of their identity, and never for any reason, try to get something for free that costs. These things are the most common type of cyber crimes people see on a daily basis. Although the internet is a great source for making money in legal ways, it can also be used for plenty of malicious black market money scams. It is imperative to carefully browse the internet when downloading programs, and talking to people online. Works Cited Cyberstalking. Marshall University. Marshall University, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. Dyke, Van, and Albrecht W. Identity Theft. U of NEBRASKA–LINCOLN. U of NEBRASKA–LINCOLN, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Harvey, Brian.Computer Hacking and Ethics. Ed. Paul Goodman, P.G. Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. U of California, Berkeley, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. What is â€Å"online fraud†? National Crime Victim Law Institute. Lewis Clark, 27 July 2010. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.