Should We Use Animals For Medical Research Over The Recent...

World is ruthless, there are countless animals disappearing around us every day which means they can’t enjoy the sunshine tomorrow. These animals are unlucky that they don’t have control over their own lives. Nowadays, at different corners of the world, various chemicals with hidden danger are being injected into the animals’ body. They are being tested in lots of areas. Mostly being tested for whether a new drug is effective or not. We human call this phenomenon as medical research with animals and it is expressed as a medical research involving animals like mice, pigs, frogs, rabbits and so on. According to the website, there are over 100 million animals are killed in US laboratory for different reasons. This number is very big but it only applies to US, we can’t say how many animals around the world that also cannot escape the same horrible fate. Based on that, it then becomes obvious that people have been debating about whether we should continue usi ng animals in medical research over the recent centuries. Some people who support medical research on animals argue that we couldn’t have made so much progress in different aspects of life if we didn’t have animals in laboratory; while others who are against this approach say that animals should have equals rights as humans. So in my paper, I will present two different positions about this issue and then decide which position I will take and why I do so. The first perspective is that we shouldn’tShow MoreRelated Animal Rights Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Animals have been used in medical research for centuries. In a recent count, it was determined that 8,815 animals were being used for research at MSU, 8,503 of them rodents - rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. There were 18 dogs, three cats and a variety of goats, ferrets, pigeons and rabbits. The struggle against this tyranny is a struggle as important as any of the moral and social issues that have been foug ht over in recent years.quot; Animal rights are an emotional issue-second only, perhapsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent studies scientist claim that animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protectRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribe an intimate relationship between human and dog that has developed over the centuries. But is this popular phrase true? Are dogs truly a mans best friend? Some argue of course they are— they are friendly, loyal, and in mo st cases considered a part of the family. But there are those who will disagree—people from other parts of the world, and at different times in history. Take scientists from the nineteenth century, for example, where a man’s best friend was used in scientific experimentsRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1522 Words   |  7 Pagesand that is animal testing and research. Since the beginning of medicine, animals were used in the testing of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices to determine the safety of a product due to their similarities in diseases with humans. However this is considered unnecessary due to the creation of alternatives for animal testing. Despite these alternatives the majority of animal testing still has not come to halt. This issue deserves to be attentive to instead of turning a blind eye as we consumers haveRead MoreAnimals Used in Research1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthat I am choosing to examine for my paper is about animals that are used in re search and the rights they they do or do not have. The reason that I chose this particular topic is because that it is a topic that is very significant to me. I am currently going to Delaware technical Community College to become a Veterinary technician. My lifelong dream has always been to help and save animals, Any creature great or small animals used in research, mistreated, neglected and abused is not somethingRead MoreOver The Past 1500 Years Human Kind Has Used Animals For1485 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past 1500 years human kind has used animals for testing and they still use animals for testing today. Most experiments made on animals are for medical and cosmetic purposes. People that are for testing on animals usually argue that we would not be where we are today if we didn’t experiment on animals. Others that are against it say that these experiments and methods weren’t always necessary for everything we have accomplished. Now with all of our modern te chnology, science, and researchRead MoreThe Fight For Animal Rights1660 Words   |  7 Pagesfight for animal rights is one that has been going on for centuries. â€Å"The new emphasis upon animals feelings of sensation in the eighteenth century brought growing criticism of some forms of cruelty. Doubts about the ethics of castrating domestic animals were raised as early as 1714. (Guither, 1998, p.1) According to Guither (1998), London was the first to encourage the prevention of animal cruelty in 1824 where it eventually became the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. TheyRead MoreWhy Animal Testing Is Bad1578 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing, also known as animal research or experimentation refers to the use of non-human animals to conduct experiments which seek to control certain variables that have the potential to impact the biological systems or behaviors under study. The most commonly used animals are usually mice, cats, rats, dogs and primates. More than 20 million animals are usually subjected to food, drugs, chemical and cosmetic testing each year in the United States alone (Sharma et al, p.1). These animals usuallyRead MoreAnimal Testing: Alternatives1085 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough animal testing was a main component for the facilitation of medical research in the past, it is no longer necessary due to the option of alternate testing methods. Animals that fall victim to the mercy of animal research are subject to experimentation for the purpose of manufacturing harmless products (McKnight 2). Cell cultures, the MIMIC system, TraumaMan, in vitro, and human volunteers are substitutes for this inhumane procedure (Sullivan 4; â€Å"PCRM Scientists Educate† 10). Animal testingRead More Against Animal Testing Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing has started long back in the ancient Greek times. Greek physician Galen dissected animals, this became known as vivisection, which he studied. Since then animal testi ng has long grew. Over the many years our people have been either against or with animal testing. Animal testing has been an issue that has been occurring for many years and will continue into our future. Over the years our culture has created organizations for people both sides of this topic trying to convince others

Promote the Application of Person Centred Approaches in...

Surrey Vocational Training Centre PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE RECORD Candidate Name: Unit Titles: Promote the application of person centred approaches in health and social care Evidence ref(s): Unit number(s): 4223-305 Evidence ref(s): Unit number(s): 4223-305 Use this form to record details of activities (tick as appropriate) * observed by your assessor * seen by expert witness * seen by witness ââ€"â„¢ Candidate / reflective account * case study Date of Activity: | Unit No | Learning Outcome | Assessment Criteria | Performance evidence | 4223-305 | 1134567 | 121231231,23,41,2,3 | Understand the application of person centred approaches in health and social care When working with any individual I†¦show more content†¦Before I, examine, treat or care for a patient, their consent must be obtained. I need to ask myself, do they understand the information given to them, so that they can make an informed decision, about the benefit, risks and alternatives if available, or their consent may not be valid. There are a number of policies that are relevant. Informed Consent Policy. (Local Policy)Mental Capacity Act 2005This act provides a framework to protect vulnerable persons w ho may not be able to make decisions for themselves.Presumption of Capacity, Being supported to make their own decisions, making decisions to be seen unwise Does not make them incapable.Done on their behalf; consider less restrictive to their rights.Provisions Advance Decision Making.Individuals can pre plan a decision to refuse treatment should they become incapable in the future. It is a criminal offence to mistreat or neglect a person who lacks capacity.This has been covered whilst being observed.Should I at any time be unable to obtain consent I would raise the issue with my senior nurse. One of the steps that can be used is to have an advocate appointed to support the person who lacks capacity and has no onShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Social Work At The Millennium Summit768 Words   |  4 PagesAPPLICATION TO SOCIAL WORK In September of 2000 at the Millennium Summit world leaders gathered to adopt the UN Millennium Declaration that focused on changing their nations to reduce extreme poverty by the year 2015. The goals they declared are called the Millennium Development Goals. These goals address income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion. They promote gender-equality, education and environmental sustainability (†¦..). Goals 3, 4 and 5 all address in one wayRead MorePwcs 362060 Words   |  9 PagesUNDERSTAND THE APPLICATION OF PERSON-CENTERED APPROACHES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE Task 1: Person centred approaches in adult social care †¢ Person Centred care means to build everything I am doing in the care home around those I am caring for. It involves people taking control and planning of their own support and care. Some key values in person centred care are: o Treating people as individuals o Supporting people to access their rights o Supporting people to exercise choice o Making sure peopleRead MoreUse of Alternative Medicine Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagespractitioners in Australia (Furnham A, Mcgill C 2003). Complementary and Alternative medicine, also known as Traditional medicine covers a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches and therapies. Many therapies are termed holistic, which generally means that the healthcare practitioner considers the whole person, including physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects (Moon G, Gillespie R 1995). These forms of medicine have evolved recently as a reaction to high technologyRead MoreTask Centred and Crisis Intervention Essay for Social Work3865 Words   |  16 PagesAs a result of applying appropriate theory the organisation and structure of social work practice may be enhanced (Howe 1999:104). Social workers use theory to inform practice and provide a sense of direction and guidance in their professional engagement with service users An alternative way of using theories to help in reflection is by using them critically against one another. Differences between theories can help in reflection in practice by enabling alternative and opposing theories to criticizeRead MoreNVQ level 58726 Words   |  35 Pages517, LEAD PERSON CENTRED PRACTICE 1.1, EXPLAIN PERSON-CENTRED PRACTICE. Person centred practice are ways of commissioning, providing and organising services rooted in listening to what people want, to help them live in their communities as they choose. These approaches work to use resource flexibly designed around what is important to an individual from their own perspective and work to remove any cultural and organisational barriers. People are not simply placed in pre-existing services andRead MoreAward in Education and Training Unit H/505/00531354 Words   |  6 Pagesamp; Design: Creating or adapting the session plan and required resources that embrace learning styles (VAK) of the group, your teaching approaches: pedagogy/andragogy, ice breakers, ground rules. * Deliver/Facilitate is about how you will impart the knowledge; group/one-two-one or combination your delivery must consider all learning styles and teaching approaches. * Assessment: relates to how you will measure the retention or understanding of imparted knowledge, but also ground rules, your conduct/behaviourRead MoreManagement and Manager Induction Standards9580 Words   |  39 PagesManager induction standards Standards for managers new in post in adult social care, including those managing their own support workers 2012 ‘Refreshed’ web edition, with guidance and certificate we help employers to manage their workforces Contents Introduction Core standards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Governance and accountability Systems and processes to promote communication Partnership working and relationships Using person-centred practice to achieve positive outcomes Team leadership and managementRead MoreThe Partnership Between A Team Of Health Professionals Essay2243 Words   |  9 PagesSection 1 Interprofessional collaboration is the partnership between a team of health professionals in a collaborative and coordinated approach to achieve shared decision making around health and social issues. Interprofessional collaborative practice is defined as a process which includes communication and decision-making, enabling a synergistic influence of grouped knowledge and skills. The key elements of collaborative practice include responsibility, accountability, coordination, communicationRead MoreEssay about Task Centered Approach in Social Work4831 Words   |  20 Pagesthis assignment is to highlight the main features of one social worker method. Within this essay, I will include social work intervention prior to the introduction of task-centred practice. This will provide an insight in to why task-centred methods were introduced. I will also portray the strengths and weaknesses of task-centred practice. The essay will also depict the underlying theory that underpins task-centred p ractice in relation to social work. I will endeavour to critically analyse the effectivenessRead MoreWorking With Children And Young People1748 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 087: Work with Children and Young People in a Residential Care Setting 1 Understand the legal, policy, rights and theoretical framework for residential care for children and young people 1.1 Explain Current theoretical approaches to residential provision for children and young people: Attachment theory – a model of psychology that tries to how long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between people develop. Separation/Loss theory tries to explain the insecure attachment behaviour

Running Head British Airways †A Marketing Plan Free Essays

British Airways is one airline that has gone through both bright and turbulent times since its founding in 1974.[i]   After thirteen years of government control, British Airways went into privatization in 1987.[ii]   The airline is the surviving entity after merger and consolidations made with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways Corporation (BEA). We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: British Airways – A Marketing Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Currently it operates about 240 aircrafts servicing 120 destinations throughout the United Kingdom and Europe, Africa, North and South America, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific.[iii]. British Airways competes with about 42 other British airlines but has maintained leadership in most areas of the aviation industry not only in the United Kingdom but in Europe as well.[iv] Its main competitor is Virgin Atlantic, an airline established by Richard Branson in 1984 and with about 10 per cent market share in terms of kilometers logged as of 2007.[v] As airlines around the world struggle to survive in the midst of the worldwide financial crisis, British Airways vows to target growth and raise its market share while intently addressing its operational concerns towards excellence and financial health. The surging complexity of the market ahead is expected to put the airline industry on the offensive to obviate possible downturns as what happened to the automobile and the investment banking industries during the last quarter of 2008 leading to the global financial turmoil. Reports had it that requests for government bailouts were made in the face of lower demand from car buyers. The airline industry thus, is among those expected and likely to be affected by the crisis due to the expected economic contraction in the aftermath of the financial meltdown. Importance of the Study The study is an attempt at providing a trajectory, focus as well as strategic road map on how British Airways should repackage itself towards upgrading and raising its potentials in a cutthroat aviation industry not merely in the United Kingdom but in the airline’s other service areas around the globe, Europe especially. For a start, British Airways dutifully crafted the BA Business Plan (BP11) which is aimed at focusing on four key priorities arising out of the previous year’s plans. These are:   (1) Upgraded customer experience with its trademark Basics and Brilliance, Club World, First Cabin and similar programs meant to introduce innovative customer come-ons with its plan to acquire long-haul aircrafts as well as counter the negative impact of the operating glitches during the transitions experience at Heathrow Terminals 1, 4 and 5. Incidentally, this was planned to introduce new forms of premium customer experience through increased presence in the European and American markets; (2) Planning for growth in terms of new long haul aircrafts, premium services and added destinations between Europe and the Americas; (3) Continuing need to control costs in the face of tight competition, rising cost of delivering service, fuel and administrative costs. The entity additionally attempts at undertaking a more efficient assets and liability management to reasonably assure itself the advantage of liquidity and solvency under the current economic environment; and, (4) Taking a lead in corporate social responsibility to articulate a social and corporate balance in the conduct of its operations.[vi] A critical component of BP11 is the marketing plan (MP11) which identifies and concentrates on the opportunities available to British Airways worldwide in congruence with its identified key priorities. The marketing plan clearly outlines a road map towards market recovery via excellence in the basics, and ultimately to the deployment of brilliant premium services not available anywhere or in other airlines competing in identical routes. Specifically, the Marketing Plan MP11 cross links with the Business Plan (BP11) with the former as the centrepiece of the airline’s assertive leadership thrusts towards the first half of the 21st century. Just like the Victoria era slogan that the â€Å"sun does not set on the British empire†, British Airways is determined to head for industry prominence after several turbulent encounters with difficult challenges that it had to go through. Apparently brought about by its own weight, its bigness is without the support mechanism it needed to stabilize its moves.   A component of the BP11, the MP11 describes in more detailed fashion how the BP11 will breathe through the heart of the MP11 which is considered the heart of the Business Plan. On the aspect of significance on research, the MP11 serves as the management blue print for strategic decision-making; especially in the area of marketing management under various assumptions, scenarios, alliances and configurations. Strategic marketing management which is contained in this road map MP 11 will enable management to adopt strategies such as cost leadership, attractive premium services, human resource strategies and expanded terminal network in the industry as means to create a demand gap in the long haul travel sector as well as a similar gap in the premium business travel from continental Europe to the premier city of New York in the United States. The experiences of the past years are expected to provide hard lessons for British Airways management towards strategic marketing processes. For the business traveller all over, the MP11 attempts to redefine the concept of basic and premium travel. With the integration of cost advantage expected to ensue along the airline’s objective of operational excellence, airline travellers can reasonably expect these cost rationalization measures to have a positive effect on the pricing competitiveness of British Airways while maintaining the class with which British Airways has been known for. The airline industry, for one, is likewise expected to significantly benefit from this study specifically in the area of collaboration, alliances and economic cooperation without any attempt at abusing the regulatory privilege this union may provide such alliances. Hence, partnerships should be undertaken for the development and maintenance of constructive relationship with other companies in the industry as at work.[vii] In the same way that this will be tempered and enhanced by a strong corporate social responsibility not only in terms of the environmental aspect, it is expected similarly to be strong along the social issues directly and indirectly affected by the industry. The society, in general, and the employees in particular will reap benefits from this study in terms and along the key balanced scorecard perspectives over secure employment tenure, human resource training and performance recognition dimensions incorporated into the business and marketing plans; all considered critical components and means to stabilize the goal of operational excellence with a genuine corporate social responsibility. Primarily, the shareholders are the targets of this study as among the major beneficiaries through which an innovative and unprecedented pricing incorporates real shareholder value and corporate pride enhanced with financial viability through operational excellence.   British Airways aims to show gratitude for continued support and recognition as Britain’s primary carrier. The academe is similarly expected to acquiesce the benefits from this Plan which comes as a result of intensive research and careful study on the travel and industry markets in which British Airways is among the major players. Of equal importance is the fact that British Airways is a corporate organization that is considered an excellent source of academic studies in an industry characterized with great risks, complexities as well as opportunities with huge potentials for learning, and even further researches. [i]   Annual Report, 2007, British Airways, http://www.britishairways.com, accessed December 28, 2008 [ii]   Ibid. http://www.britishairways.com,   [iii]   Ibid, http://www.britishairways.com,   [iv]   Ibid., http://www.britishairways.com,   [v]   Ibid., http://www.britishairways.com,   [vi]   Ibid,   http://www.britishairways.com,p. 34   [vii]   J. Hicks, The Challenge of the New Millenium: winning the Struggle with Ourselves, New Falcon Publications, Arizona, 1997, p. 131.    How to cite Running Head: British Airways – A Marketing Plan, Essays

Medications Excerting Aspect of Drug

Question: Describe about the Medications for Excerting Aspect of Drug. Answer: Definition Pharmacokinetics- It is referred to as the study of the time- course of absorbing, distributing, metabolizing and excreting aspect of a drug (ASHP- chapter 1). The clinical pharmacokinetics involves applying the principles of pharmacokinetics to administer the drugs safely and effectively for a patient. Pharmacodynamics- Itinvolves the study of thebio-chemicalandphysiologicaleffect ofa drug. It refers to the interrelationship between the concentration of drug at the required site of action and the outcome effect that includes the time- course, intensity (therapeutic and adverse effects) of a drug (ASHP- chapter 1, American Psychiatric Publishing, Chapter 8). Generally pharmacokinetics is what human body does to a drug whereas pharmaco dynamics involves what a drug does to human body (Association of prescribers, 2016). Pharmacotherapeutics- It involves the study of the beneficial (therapeutic) and desired effects of drugs (Nursing pharmacology chronicle, 2011). Toxicology- It is the study of the side (adverse) effects of a drug in a human body due to the chemicals. It includes observing the adverse effects and reporting the effects, identifying the mechanisms, detecting and treating the toxic substances (Smith, 2016). Case study- 2 A is on Digoxin with dosage of 250mcg/day which means that she is in high-dose digoxin therapy. Digoxin is taken as safe to use in the old age people as long as the dose is no greater than 0.125 milligram or 125 mcg per day (Wiley, 2015). She is 71 year old woman with 250mcg/day of dosage ahs increased her adverse effects. The kidney functions of elderly people slows down as their age increase which may lead to decreased excretion of certain drugs as digoxin leading to stagnation of drugs (Wiley, 2015). This has resulted in digoxin overdose in Mrs.A expressing the adverse effects as unusual behavior, confusion, easily fatigability, irritability, obsessive and compulsive behavior with yellowish green moldy appearance (Wiley, 2015, Micromedex, 2016). Mrs. A is both on digoxin and furosemide (loop diuretics) which may cause hypokalemia that may increase toxicity in older persons (Lewis, 2004, Davis, 2016). The patient should be instructed to discontinue digoxin and electrolyte disturban ces, thyroid dysfunction should be corrected and digoxin antidote (digoxin immune Fab- Digibind), should be given which binds with digitalis- glycoside molecule and is excreted from renal tubules (Davis, 2016). Increasing age causes changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of drugs. The pharmacokinetic changes involves reduced kidney and liver clearance and an increased distribution of lipid- soluble drugs (hence prolonging the half-life of elimination) whereas pharmacodynamic changes involves alterations (commonly increased) in sensitivity to many drug classes such as anti-coagulants, cardio-vascular and psycho-tropic drugs (Mangoni, 2004). In elderly, the timing of absorption rate may be delayed, peak concentration may be lowered and delay in timing of peak concentration and the absorption of overall amount of drug (bioavailability) remain changed. Further, the metabolic clearance of medications by the liver might be reduced because of reduced liver blood- flow, reduced size and mass of liver. Even ageing decreases size of kidney, its blood flow, functional nephrons, tubular secretion and ultimately decreasing glomerular filtration rate. Due to ageing, drug clearance of cert ain drugs as atenolol, digoxin, etc may be decreased. Overall, the age induced changes in pharmacodynamics include increased sensitivity to sedative drugs, increased psycho-motor impairment with certain drugs, increased timing of pain relief, increased drowsiness, decreased heart rate to beta- blockers, increased cardiac sensitivity to digoxin (Farho, 2016). Case study- Mr. B WHO defines the adverse- drug reaction (ADR) as the noxious, un-intentional and un-desirable effect of a medication/ drug that happens at doses, which are used in case of prophylactic treatment, diagnostic procedures and collaborative therapies for the human. ADR is also stated as an identifiable harmful or any un-pleasant reaction that results due an intervention that is based on medicinal product. It is of two types as Type-A and B (Edwards, 2000). Type- A reactions are expected type of exaggeration of the drug with known effect whereas type B reactions are idio-syncratic and not known type of allergy. The adverse- drug reactions are divided into 6 types as dose- related (augmented), not dose- related (bizarre), dose- related as well as time- related (chronic), time- related (delayed), with-drawal (end-of-use) and failure of therapies (failure). The main goal of allergic drug reaction involves recognition of clinical features of allergic reaction at the earliest, maintenance of patent airway, administering drugs and treating shock. As Mr. B already has IV cannula, disconnect the IV flow (but dont remove the IV access) and inform to the physician. Perform quick assessment for circulation, breathing and airway. Obtain oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and check for progression of symptom. Continuously monitor vital signs of Mr. B. Monitor the respiratory rate, effort, depth and use of accessory muscle for respiration. Assess the oxygen saturation level by using pulse oximetry to know the level of saturation and PO2 less than 92 mm Hg indicates severe oxygen insufficiency which requires endo-tracheal intubation or tracheostomy (Lewis, 2004). Assess the level of consciousness and his cardiac rhythm as any changes may indicate requiring hypovolemic shock treatment. Monitor the urine output of Mr. B, as decreased flow will indicate progression to severe anaphylactic shock. A nurse should inform the physician and follow his orders. Based on his orders, start intra venous infusion of 0.5 ml of epinephrine by diluting it as 1: 10,000 at an interval of 5 to 10 minute. Administer oxygen (high flow oxygen) through non- re breather oxygen mask (Lewis, 2004). Administer drug di-phenhydramine (Benadryl) through intra muscular or intravenous injection. Administer histamine- H2 receptor blockers such as Tagamet (cimetidine). Maintain blood pressure of Mr. B by administering fluids (normal saline), volume expanders, vasopressors as dopamine- Inotropin, nor- epinephrine bitartrate- levophed. Place the patient in recumbent position and elevate the legs of Mr. B to increase brain perfusion. It has to be informed to allergy specialist where they will educate Mr. B about its prevention and avoidance later (ASCIA, 2016). The presence of allergy should be informed to all his care givers, other staff nurses and para- medicals. The Patient should be instructed to document the features of allergic episode to find out the avoidable causes of allergy in the next 6 to 8 hours after the onset of allergic reaction. If Mr. B is unable to document, the doctor or nurse practitioner can document it. The ASCIA- anaphylaxis event record should be used while collecting the information (ASCIA, 2016). The name of the patient (Mr. B), date and time of allergic reaction, general practitioner and specialist attended during the allergic event, suspected triggers (drug- amoxicillin), type of adverse reactions as itching in chest region, tightness in chest and throat, difficulty and noisy breathing, difficulty to speak and tongue swelling should be recorded. The place of allergic reaction (hospital), activity before allergic reaction, medical condition (community- acquired pneumonia) and past reactions (nil for Mr. B), known allergens and any adrenaline auto-injector has been prescribed (ASCIA, 2015). B should be instructed about the presence of allergy for drug amoxicillin. He should be instructed to avoid this drug. He should be explained that he has to inform the presence of intolerance to drug amoxicillin to the physicians and nurses while giving care. In case of new admission to any hospital he has to inform about the presence allergic reaction to amoxicillin at the time of history collection and fill the allergy form with type, location, previous adverse events, etc in the admission form He has to wear a medic- alert bracelet with listing about the allergy for drug which helps medical professionals to understand about his allergy (Lewis, 2004, Douglas, 2012). He should be referred to allergy specialist where the allergy specialist will educate about prevention and avoidance of allergy and managing co morbidities. Allergy specialist will instruct about ASCIA- action plan for combating anaphylaxis and preparing for future attacks (ASCIA, 2016). I will get feedback from Mr. B about the type of allergic reaction he has and about his allergy to amoxicillin. I will ask Mr. B to fill the event- record for allergic reactions with the description of his allergies and adverse events. (ASCIA, 2015). This will help me to get feedback as what he knows about his allergic reactions. The allergy and adverse reactions should be documented in two separate boxes. The allergy box should be marked in case of mild allergy to anaphylaxis and adverse- drug reaction (ADR) box should be marked when there is unintended after administration of drugs. These information on should be marked as Yes or No and the appropriate medication should be documented and the allergies/ adverse reaction box documented in the last page reminds the prescriber or administrator of medication about these reactions (NMCU, 2012). Case Study- Amelia Bling The nursing assessment of fluid overload is important. EN should assess for airway obstruction due to edema caused by fluid overload to maintain patent airway. She should assess the respiratory, rate, rhythm, pattern and depth of respiration, use of accessory and visible intercostal muscles and nasal flaring to rule out the presence of dypnoea. Auscultation to rule out presence of pulmonary edema (crackle and wheezing sound) should be done (Douglas, 2012). The circulatory status should be assessed by checking for bounding pulse, oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry. Blood pressure should be recorded as hypertension may occur. The neurological status (level of consciousness, orientation, GCS), skin (edema) should be assessed. DAR for Pain The focus of this problem is pain. Notice the way how the D, A, and R are written. Date/Hour Focus Progress Notes 11/30/2016 1100hrs Pain D: Reports sudden, unbearable sharp pain on the incision site with pain score of 8/10 Shows facial grimace Guards the incision site Crying with pain Highly restless and irritable A: Administered Tab. Paracetamol, 1 gm PO as per doctors order. Encouraged to perform deep breathing exercises Demonstrated relaxation techniques Patient felt comfortable and remain safe R: Amelia reports relief from pain Looks calm and comfortable. Pain score- 0/10 Complementary therapies such as guided imagery, hypnotherapy, music therapy, medication, yoga, relaxation therapy, art therapy, biofeedback, breathing exercises, prayer techniques, etc should be given to relieve pain. These techniques will relieve relax the Amelias mind and divert her. This will help to get relief from pain (Douglas, 2012). On 30.11.2016 at 09.00 am. Endone, 5 mg 6Hrly and Tab. Paracetamol, 1 gm 4 Hrly was administered orally as per doctors order. Kept patient comfortable and safe. No complications noted. Aboriginal people use centering approach to manage pain. It causes stimulated sleep in patients with pain in which withdrawal of pain psychologically and spiritually (Queensland government, 2014). The nurse should give respect to their traditional medicine. She has to discuss pain management strategies without hurting their cultural feelings. They should be involved in the pain management strategies. Case study- Marshall Every patient has a right to refuse the treatment. No treatment and diagnosis should be made without consent. A nurse should explain Mrs.Marshall about importance of atorvastatin, side effects and methods to overcome it. She should explain about the management of side effects. A detailed explanation with complete and sufficient information should be given to Mrs.Marshall to help them to understand the uses of taking atorvastatin. The patient is refusing to take atorvastatin due to its side effects, so methods to overcome it should be explained (NCMIC, 2007). 10. There are many risk factors and complications of IV therapy. The main complication is circulatory overloaded which means the intra vascular fluid compartment contains more fluid than that of normal. It occurs when the fluids are infused more rapidly and more amounts are given than needed level. This overload may lead to heart failure then pulmonary edema and if not controlled leading to death of an individual. The next complication is infiltration in which escape of fluid into sub-cutaneous layer due to improper insertion of IV cannula. It may cause development of swelling, pain, numbness, coldness and hardness around insertion site. Extravasations may also occur in which blood from the veins may flow out of the vessels due to the damage of blood vessels leading to hematoma formation. Thrombophlebitis may occur due to the physical trauma or mechanical trauma by chemicals (Douglas, 2012). Pyrogenic reactions such as increased temperature, nausea, vomiting and circulatory collapse may occur within 30 minutes of infusion. Air embolism is a serious complication in which small air particles may enter into the blood vessels during needle insertion and circulates in the blood vessels blocking the blood supply to vital organs. Infection at insertion site, allergic reactions, hepatitis, osmotic diuresis and nerve damage may occur. Strict aseptic technique should be followed. The IV cannula and bottles should be sterile. The hand with cannula should be placed flat on the bed to avoid dislodgement. The infusion rate should not be too rapid or slow. The patient should be advice to keep hand out of water. It should be used only for 3- 4 days to prevent infection and for blood transfusion, IV cannula has to be changed daily (Douglas, 2012). Before and after administration of drugs IV cannula has to be flushed with hepflush. Blood sample for investigations should be taken from new IV line. The indications are to save the life of the patient as in case of hemorrhage, shock, etc and to provide fluid in case of dehydration, to supply nutrients to patients with oral disorders, vomiting, etc. It is indicated to dilute toxins in case of septicemia and poisoning and administer drugs as a treatment method (Douglas, 2012). It is given to restore fluid and blood volume, to meet nutritional and fluid requirement and to treat shock by providing electrolytes. Reference American Psychiatric Publishing. Chapter 8. Principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.978158623860.as08 ASCIA. (2016). ASCIA Guidelines - Acute management of anaphylaxis. Retrieved from https://www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines ASCIA. (2015). Event Record for Allergic Reaction. Retrieved from https://www.allergy.org.au/images/pcc/ASCIA_event_record_allergic_reactions_2015.pdf ASHP. (n. d.). Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Pharmacokinetics:Chapter-1. Retrieved from https://www.ashp.org/doclibrary /bookstore/ p2418-chapter1.aspx 1-12 Association of prescribers. (2016). Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Edge Hill university. 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